Importation of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries Draft policy review July 2012 © Commonwealth of Australia 2012 Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Australian Government. Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, photographic images, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided that you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012). Importation of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries—draft policy review. CC BY 3.0. Cataloguing data Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012). Importation of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries—draft policy review. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra. Internet Importation of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries—draft policy review is available at http://www.daff.gov.au/ba. Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to: [email protected]. Disclaimer The Australian Government, acting through the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. Front cover images by (clockwise from top left): Janene Kingston, Louise Sharp, Melissa Markey and Andrea Roberts. Submissions This draft policy review has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical or other gaps in the data, or misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) within the comment period stated in the related DAFF Biosecurity Advice on the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry website. The draft policy review will then be revised as necessary to take account of the comments received and a final policy review prepared. Comments on the draft policy review should be submitted to: Animal Biosecurity Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Telephone +61 2 6272 4465 Facsimile +61 2 6272 3399 Email [email protected] Website daff.gov.au/ba Formatting and proofreading by Biotext Pty Ltd, Canberra Contents Acronyms and abbreviations .............................................................................................. xi Summary .............................................................................................................................. xiii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Background .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Current import policy .................................................................................. 3 1.5 Import policy since 1993 .............................................................................. 3 1.6 Biosecurity facilities and demand............................................................... 5 1.7 Potentially affected Australian sectors ...................................................... 6 1.8 Native fauna .................................................................................................. 7 2 Method ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Background .................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Risk review .................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Hazard identification.................................................................................. 10 2.4 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 12 2.5 Risk management ........................................................................................ 12 2.6 Risk communication ................................................................................... 13 3 Hazard identification ............................................................................................. 15 4 Risk assessments ..................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Canine bartonellosis ................................................................................... 37 4.1.1 Background ..................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 Technical information ................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 39 4.1.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 40 4.1.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 40 4.2 Canine brucellosis ....................................................................................... 45 v 4.2.1 Background ..................................................................................... 45 4.2.2 Technical information ................................................................... 45 4.2.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 47 4.2.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 48 4.2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 48 4.3 Canine influenza ......................................................................................... 50 4.3.1 Background ..................................................................................... 50 4.3.2 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 51 4.3.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 51 4.4 Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis .................................................................. 52 4.4.1 Background ..................................................................................... 52 4.4.2 Technical information ................................................................... 52 4.4.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 56 4.4.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 57 4.4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 58 4.5 Canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis ...................................................... 62 4.5.1 Background ..................................................................................... 62 4.5.2 Technical information ................................................................... 63 4.5.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 65 4.5.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 65 4.5.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 66 4.6 Chagas’ disease ........................................................................................... 67 4.6.1 Background ..................................................................................... 67 4.6.2 Technical information ................................................................... 68 4.6.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 69 4.6.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 69 4.6.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 70 4.7 Hepatozoonosis ........................................................................................... 71 4.7.1 Background ..................................................................................... 71 4.7.2 Technical information ................................................................... 71 4.7.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 73 4.7.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 74 4.7.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 74 4.8 Leishmaniasis .............................................................................................. 77 4.8.1 Background ..................................................................................... 77 4.8.2 Technical information ................................................................... 78 4.8.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 80 4.8.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 80 4.8.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 80 vi Draft policy review—Importation of dogs and cats and their semen 4.9 Leptospirosis ................................................................................................ 82 4.9.1 Background ..................................................................................... 82 4.9.2 Technical information ................................................................... 83 4.9.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 85 4.9.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 86 4.9.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 86 4.10 Lyme disease ............................................................................................... 90 4.10.1 Background ..................................................................................... 90 4.10.2 Technical information ................................................................... 90 4.10.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 92 4.10.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 92 4.10.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 93 4.11 Nagana ......................................................................................................... 97 4.11.1 Background ..................................................................................... 97 4.11.2 Technical information ................................................................... 97 4.11.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 98 4.11.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 98 4.11.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 99 4.12 Nipah virus encephalitis .......................................................................... 100 4.12.1 Background ................................................................................... 100 4.12.2 Technical information ................................................................. 100 4.12.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 102 4.12.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 102 4.12.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 102 4.13 Parasites—external ................................................................................... 104 4.13.1 Background ................................................................................... 104 4.13.2 Technical information ................................................................. 105 4.13.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 108 4.13.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 108 4.13.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 109 4.14 Parasites—internal .................................................................................... 110 4.14.1 Background ................................................................................... 110 4.14.2 Technical information ................................................................. 111 4.14.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 111 4.14.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 112 4.14.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 112 4.15 Piroplasmosis............................................................................................. 113 4.15.1 Background ................................................................................... 113 4.15.2 Technical information ................................................................. 114 4.15.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 118 Contents vii 4.15.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 119 4.15.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 120 4.16 Rabies .......................................................................................................... 123 4.16.1 Background ................................................................................... 123 4.16.2 Technical information ................................................................. 126 4.16.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 137 4.16.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 137 4.16.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 141 4.17 Rift Valley fever ......................................................................................... 149 4.17.1 Background ................................................................................... 149 4.17.2 Technical information ................................................................. 150 4.17.3 Current import conditions .......................................................... 151 4.17.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 151 4.17.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 152 4.18 Screw-worm fly myiasis ........................................................................... 153 4.18.1 Background ................................................................................... 153 4.18.2 Technical information ................................................................. 154 4.18.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 155 4.18.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 155 4.18.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 155 4.19 Surra ............................................................................................................ 157 4.19.1 Background ................................................................................... 157 4.19.2 Technical information ................................................................. 157 4.19.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 158 4.19.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 158 4.19.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 159 4.20 Tularaemia ................................................................................................. 161 4.20.1 Background ................................................................................... 161 4.20.2 Technical information ................................................................. 161 4.20.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 162 4.20.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 162 4.20.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 163 4.21 Yersiniosis .................................................................................................. 164 4.21.1 Background ................................................................................... 164 4.21.2 Technical information ................................................................. 164 4.21.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 165 4.21.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 166 4.21.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 166 viii Draft policy review—Importation of dogs and cats and their semen 5 Risk management.................................................................................................. 169 5.1 Risk management options ....................................................................... 170 5.2 Current policy perspective ...................................................................... 175 5.3 Risk management for rabies .................................................................... 178 5.3.1 Background ................................................................................... 178 5.3.2 Pre-export measures .................................................................... 180 5.3.3 Conclusion—pre-export measures ............................................ 184 5.3.4 Post-arrival measures .................................................................. 184 5.3.5 Conclusion—post-arrival measures .......................................... 185 5.3.6 Proposed biosecurity measures for rabies ................................ 185 6 Proposed biosecurity measures for dogs, cats and their semen ................... 189 6.1 Proposed biosecurity measures for dogs from approved countries ..................................................................................................... 189 6.1.1 Pre-export quarantine requirements for dogs ......................... 189 6.1.2 Post-arrival quarantine requirements for dogs ....................... 194 6.2 Proposed biosecurity measures for cats from approved countries ..................................................................................................... 195 6.2.1 Pre-export requirements for cats ............................................... 195 6.2.2 Post-arrival quarantine requirements for cats ......................... 197 6.3 Proposed biosecurity measures for dog and cat semen from approved countries ................................................................................... 198 7 Proposed operational requirements for dogs, cats and/or their semen ...... 199 7.1 Transport .................................................................................................... 200 7.2 Importation of dogs .................................................................................. 201 7.2.1 Importation of dogs from a Group 1 country .......................... 202 7.2.2 Importation of dogs from New Zealand .................................. 206 7.3 Importation of cats .................................................................................... 209 7.3.1 Importation of cats from a Group 1 country ............................ 210 7.3.2 Importation of cats from New Zealand .................................... 212 7.4 Importation of dog or cat semen ............................................................. 214 Appendix 1 .......................................................................................................................... 217 Appendix 2 .......................................................................................................................... 219 Contents ix Tables Table 1 Summary comparison of current and proposed risk management measures for dogs and cats and their semen ............................................... xvi Table 2 Dog and cat imports into Australia (2007–2011) ............................................. 6 Table 3 Hazard identification and refinement for diseases affecting dogs and/or cats .......................................................................................................... 17 Table 4 Examples of significant tick-transmitted diseases of dogs ........................ 106 Table 5 Summary of piroplasmid species in dogs and cats .................................... 115 Table 6 Species in the Lyssavirus genus and their host species .............................. 128 Table 7 Known reservoir hosts of rabies virus biotypes ......................................... 129 Table 8 Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats ......................................... 136 Table 9 Categories of countries approved to export dogs and cats to Australia ........................................................................................................... 176 Figures Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hazard identification and refinement ...................... 11 Figure 2 Schematic outline of proposed country approval and classification system................................................................................................................ 177 x Draft policy review—Importation of dogs and cats and their semen