Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996), Dutch scientist: an annotated bibliography of her work to celebrate 100 years since her birth S. Turner & G.C. Cadée Turner, S. &. G.C. Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996), Dutch scientist: an annotated bibliography of her work to celebrate 100 years since her birth. Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (10), 10.iii.2006: 159-180, fi gs 1-11.— ISSN 0024-0672. Susan Turner, School of Geosciences, P.O. Box 28E, Monash University, Victoria 3800 and Queensland Museum, Geology & Palaeontology, 122 Gerler Road, Hendra, Queensland 4011, Australia (e-mail: sue. [email protected]). Gerhard C. Cadée, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). Key words: history; biography; bibliography; M. Brongersma-Sanders; mass mortality research; up- welling; Shell. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders, palaeontologist, pioneer geochemist, geobiologist and oceanogra- pher, Offi cer of the Order of Oranje Nassau was born 100 years ago (February 20th, 1905) in Kampen in The Netherlands. The fi elds of research that she covered during her lifetime include taxonomy of recent and fossil, principally freshwater fi sh; “fi sh kills” and mass mortality in the sea (especially of fi sh); taphonomy and preservation of fi sh; upwelling; anoxic conditions, linked to fi sh mortality and the ori- gin of bituminous black shales and oil; red tides and harmful algal blooms; trace metal enrichment in recent and fossil sediments, especially the Kupferschiefer; the origin of evaporites; algal mats and stro- matolites. She was the fi rst to categorise fi sh mass mortality, emphasizing algal blooms (red tides) and their importance in forming fi sh-bonebeds and noting their input to oil production especially in open sea upwelling sites. On this basis she spent a decade or more in the 1950s and 60s as a consultant to Shell and became a member of the Dutch Academy of Science Commission on Sea Research. Her major 1957 review is a famous classic in this fi eld. She managed to keep her scientifi c interests and intellectual life alive at a time when being married and having children and conducting scientifi c research were not the norm; she even maintained a reasonable scientifi c career of sorts for the next 50 years, even after offi cial retirement publishing her last scientifi c paper in 1992. Despite these achievements, which she did on her own terms, when Brongersma-Sanders died in 1996 the fact was hardly mentioned in the scientifi c press or to the worldwide community. Contents Brief biography ..................................................................................................................................................... 159 Contemporary memorials .............................................................................................................................. 167 Bibliographic notes ............................................................................................................................................. 171 Annotated list of work including publications ................................................................................. 173 Biographical references .................................................................................................................................... 178 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... 179 References ................................................................................................................................................................ 179 Brief biography ‘Greet’ Sanders (fi g. 1) was an exceptional and strong-willed woman who emerged from her early 20th century provincial and somewhat sleepy and strict, Dutch-reformed 160 Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) Fig. 1, Portrait photo of Margaretha ‘Greet’ Bron- Fig. 2, Her father biology teacher, Herman Hend rik gersma-Sanders (1905-1996) in middle age; photo Sanders, 17 April 1862 (Kielwindeweer) - died 22 courtesy of the Van der Eb-Brongersma Family July 1937 (Bergen); photo courtesy of the Van der Archive. Eb-Brongersma Family Archive. Fig. 3, Family cartoon accompanying the theses defences of Greet Sanders and Leo Brongersma featuring ‘Piet’, an interpretation of Dubois’ Pithecanthropus; photo courtesy of the Van der Eb-Brongersma Fam- ily Archive. Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) 161 hometown of Kampen to become a well-known scientist both in The Netherlands and internationally. Margaretha came from scientifi c stock with her grandfather Henricus Hieronymus Sanders and father Herman Hendrik Sanders (fi g. 2) both graduates from the University of Groningen and thus she was raised in a scientifi c environment. Showing a certain assertiveness, and contrary to her parents’ wishes for her to acquire a ‘respectable’ girl’s education, without notifying her parents, in her twelfth year she cycled up and enrolled herself at Kampen Stedelijck Gymnasium. There, undoubtedly infl uenced to some extent by her father, who was the biology teacher, she gained her na- tional level Gymnasium B examination certifi cate on June 9, 1923 (aged 18). This gave her requisite marks to enter the University of Amsterdam, which she did later that year, ma- joring in botany, zoology and palaeontology in 1929 (fi g. 4). Zoologist Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort (1879-1968; Engel et al., 1969), expert on zoo geography especially of the Indonesian Archipelago became her supervisor for doc- toral research. Through him Margaretha became involved in the study of zoogeogra- phy of the Indonesian Archipelago and the systematics of fossil and recent freshwater fi shes from the East and West Indies. Her doctorate on Early Tertiary freshwater fi shes from mid-Sumatra (Sanders, 1934) was awarded Cum Laude on 19th September 1934, one hour before, and dedicated to, her husband-to-be Leo Daniel Brongersma, later Professor of Systematic Zoology and Director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden (now Leiden Naturalis) was awarded the doctors degree. She had met her fi ancée during their undergraduate days and their relationship was fostered through the auspices of one of de Beaufort’s teachers, Dutch palaeoanthropologist Eugène Dubois who had recommended Leo to her as a quiet, suitable husband when she took a 3-month cataloguing job on the Dubois collection in late 1932 (Shipman, 2001). They married once they had obtained their doctorates (fi gs 3, 5) and moved to Leiden, where Leo had a post as Assistant Curator at the National Natural History Museum (Holthuis, 1995). Their fi rst child was born in October 1935. Although Greet was a very conscien- tious mother, motherhood did not stop her interest and activity in science. Her Ph.D. on fossil fi sh from Indonesia is still a basic pioneer reference because this is a poorly understood part of the world geologically and palaeontologically and it prompted her to consider how the fi sh such as she had described could be so well pre- served. In late 1938 Greet accompanied her husband and other Dutch scientists (e.g., Benthem-Jutting, 1968) on an offi cial extended trip to South Africa to visit museums, laboratories and nature reserves. During an apparently serendipitous visit to Walvis Bay (also known as Walfi sh Bay, now in Namibia) on 24 November, she witnessed one of the regularly occurring fi sh mortalities in December – January caused by upwelling cur- rents often at times of El-Niño-related climatic change. She was impressed by the huge walls of dead (and smelling) fi sh tossed on the beach (fi g. 6). This experience gave her some answers to the taphonomical questions she had raised in her thesis and spurred her on to become a pioneer and world expert on mass mortality events (e.g., Richter, 1950; Brongersma-Sanders, 1957). Thus began the life-long study investigating the cause and effect of this phenomenon, the importance of upwelling water, the related biological and oceanographical factors, and the genesis of petroleum. She was based in Leiden from 1934, fi rst as wife and mother, later in 1947 gaining a position as an assistant in the University of Leiden Geological and Mineralogical In- stitute rising to a permanent position and fi nally a Senior Research Fellow by the time 162 Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) a b c d e Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) 163 she retired in 1970. Many of her papers give her institutional address as the “Geologisch en Mineralogisch Instituut, University of Leiden, then at Garenmarkt 1b”, to which the ‘Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie’, now part of Leiden Naturalis (Winkler Prins, 2001), was closely linked. After a few shorter papers in Dutch and English on fi sh kills related to upwelling in open sea areas (Brongersma-Sanders, 1943, 1945, 1947b) in 1948 her fi rst review of fi sh kills, “The importance of upwelling water to vertebrate paleontology and oil geology”, which dealt with the occurrence of upwelling water, red tides and mass mortality, was published in English in a journal of the Royal Nether- lands Academy of Arts and Sciences. This would lead to her appointment as a scientifi c advisor or consultant to the Royal Dutch Shell Oil Company at their Exploration and Production Laboratory, at Rijswijk, during the fi fties and sixties. In the following years her fi eld of interest extended to studies to try and understand the relationship between the role of hydrogen sulphide and the accumulation of certain metals in bituminous shales and the origin of oil (e.g. Brongersma-Sanders, 1944, 1952, 1966a, b). In 1962 she took the initiative for an interdisciplinary investigation of the Ria de Arosa marine embayment area in Galicia, north-western Spain, also an area with up- welling and red tides (Margalef, 1956), but on a much smaller scale than in Walvis Bay. A multidisciplinary team of students in oceanography, biology, geology, ecology and chemistry took part in this project (fi g. 7), initiating several theses, including that of her unoffi cial student, Gerhard C. Cadée (1968), under the supervision of Professor Dr A. Brouwer (fi g. 9); Wytze S. Koldijk (1968), supervisor Professor Dr A.J. Pannekoek; and Leonard Otto (1975), supervisors Professor Dr R. Dorrestein and Professor Dr P. Groen. This was the fi rst such venture of its type in The Netherlands. Unfortunately, the general report given by her husband and colleague (Brongersma & Pannekoek, 1966) does not award her the position she deserved as she was neither co-author nor recognised for the role she played. She herself did not write formally on this work. Again, in 1968 she used her growing infl uence with Shell to set up a fi eld research programme this time returning to Walvis Bay after 30 years to sample the sediments and test her hypothesis regarding the relationship of upwelling sites, the “azoic zone”, and oil production. Combining with Dr Doeke Eisma, then of the Netherlands Institute Fig. 4. University of Amsterdam student excursions with biologist/lecturer Prof. Theo J. Stomps. All from the archives kept in the library of the Biology Department, University of Amsterdam, courtesy Dr Marga Coesèl. a: Switzerland-Italy 1928, at Diavolezza, Greet Sanders is 4th on the right. b: Piz Alf in the Alps, 1928; Greet is on the right side. c: Excursion to France, 1929, picture taken near the Eiffel Tower, Paris. Greet Sanders is standing on the left. Leo Brongersma 7th from left. Prof. Stomps 5th from right. 1 M. (Greet) Sanders, 2 J.A. (Fien- tje) Leliveld, 3 H.W. Doornink ???, 4 A.E. (Liesje) van Bremen, 5 G. van der Torren, 6 W.F.H. Stroer, 7 L.D. Brongersma, 8 J.H. van Meer, 9 A. van der Werff, 10 F.J. Waage, 11 Prof. Dr Th.J. Stomps, 12 C.O. van Regteren Altena, 13 W.J. Lütjeharms, 14 J.D. Vis, 15 E.M. van Zinderen Bakker. d: At a French (?) railwaystation during Normandy-Brittany excursion, 1929; Greet Sanders is 8th from left, Leo Brongersma 3rd from left. 1. J.H. van der Meer, 2. W.F.H. Stroer, 3 L.D. Brongersma, 4 A.E. (Liesje) van Bremen, 5 G. van der Torren, 6 C.O. van Regteren Altena?, 7 W.J. Lütjeharms, 8 M. (Greet) Sanders, 9 A. van der Werff, 10 Prof. Dr Th.J. Stomps, 11 H.W. Doornink, 12 E.M. van Zinde- ren Bakker, 13 F.J. Waage, 14 J.A. (Fientje) Leliveld, 15 J.D. Vis? e: Jena (Germany) 1930 ‘On the Inselberg’, Greet Sanders in the middle with black cap. 164 Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) Fig. 5. Margaretha and Leo Daniel Brongersma on their wedding day in Amsterdam (30th October 1934); photo courtesy of the Van der Eb-Brongersma Family Archive. Fig. 6. The shoreline at Walvis Bay, Namibia, after a mass-death of fi shes pre-1931 modifi ed from Richter (1950). Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) 165 for Sea Research (NIOZ), and with fi nancial and technical support from The Nether- lands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research, The University of Leiden and Shell, she went from December 22, 1968 to January 31, 1969 to S.W. Africa (Na- mibia). The expedition had at its disposal a brand new oceanographic vessel, the R.S. “Benguela” of the Marine Research Laboratory at Walvis Bay. Numerous cores were taken from the boat of the sediment on the sea bottom by Eisma and the Shell technician L. Spaans and Eisma made a large number of observations on seawater, sediment etc. (Brongersma-Sanders, 1969d, e; Eisma, 1969). The core material taken, stored deep frozen at a temperature around -20ºC, became the basis for a completely new fi eld of research into organic geochemical compounds undertaken by the Delft University unit set up under Professor Pieter Schenck, her former colleague at Shell, Rijswijk. The outcomes identifying important organic compounds included part of a doctoral thesis (Boon, 1978) and a major innovative body of work (e.g., Boon et al., 1975, J.W. de Leeuw, pers. comm., 2004), as well as geochemical results on trace elements (e.g., Brongersma-Sanders et al., 1980). At this time she became more widely accepted as a scientist in her own right both nationally and internationally gaining membership of the Academy-based Commission for Netherlands Sea Research. She was also a foundation member of the Geochemical Group of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society. As Pieter Schenck, who held the fi rst offi cial chair in organic geochemistry at Utrecht University from 1977 till 1992, remi- nisced of Brongersma-Sanders’ geochemical work (pers. comm., Sept. 2004): “organic geochemistry in the late fi fties of the 20th century was relatively unknown and in many circles (geologists!) an unappreciated fi eld of research. As a result the number of scientists in the fi eld was small; they were mainly found in institutes re- lated to the oil industry or to coal and in universities there was no interest from the chemists. Interest did exist, among others at Shell, in organic matter in sediments; those with high contents of organic carbon (> 0.5%) were considered oil source rocks in a number of cases; this high organic carbon content was a minimum requirement for being a potential source rock. For organic matter to survive in a sediment, an anoxic environment is required; many starving organisms in excess to the available oxygen. Mrs Brongersma was interested in the origin of these types of sediments (Black Sea; Walvis Bay). It was to this end that she was invited by the Exploration and Production Laboratory of Royal Dutch/Shell in Rijswijk (the predecessor of the present SIEP in Rijswijk) to act as a consultant for research in this fi eld, a formal relationship which perhaps lasted until the late 1960s. To my memory, she was also involved in discussions (and reports?) on the trace elements Vanadium and Nickel. These elements were often found bound to porphyrins, which may occur in sedi- ments and in oils. This offers a possibility to relate oils and their source rocks. The determinations even on a semi-quantitative basis could be easily made by simple spectroscopy. It is important to realize in the context of the above that many results now well established, were not available at that time, could not even be dreamt of! Organic geochemistry has developed strongly since, has helped a lot in oil explora- tion and is now a recognized specialism in geology, oceanography and biology.” Nevertheless, despite this important contribution to the history of organic geo- chemistry, principally her peers thought of Brongersma-Sanders as an oceanographer, which is the style awarded to her sometimes on her papers and to some extent in the 166 Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) fi nal memorials that she received. This fact notwithstanding, she is also entirely missing from histories of oceanography (e.g. Schlee, 1973; Mills, 1989; Postma, 1990). During the Second World War and the period of invasion of The Netherlands (1940- 1945), she undoubtedly used the library of the Natural History Museum for her work (then in the Raamsteeg, Holthuis, 1995, 2001) as the university was closed and analysis of the literature was principally her main research tool. She managed to produce three papers and was working on others during this time. At least fi ve of her papers including her most cited work on mass mortality in the sea (Brongersma-Sanders, 1957, e.g., Wilby et al., 2004), and her last, give her institutional address as “Rijksmuseum van Natuur- lijke Historie” or The Natural History Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands (National Museum of Natural History). While she was never regarded as an honorary member of the staff of the museum, RMNH was pleased with her work and on a purely practical level she needed an address where people could write for reprints and so this institu- tional affi liation may have been purely arbitrary. Early on Prof. Dr H. Boschma, Director from 1933-1958 (Holthuis, 1995), was supportive giving advice, presenting for her when necessary and in proofreading. Later, her husband attained the Directorship (e.g., Hoog- moed, 1995a; Holthuis, 1995) and she was often in the museum for offi cial as well as social events (fi g. 9). The whole oeuvre of Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders was infl uenced by her interest in mass mortality events beginning in her Ph.D. research (Sanders, 1934, e.g., p. 130) and the visit she paid to Walvis Bay; from these come her contributions to oil explo- ration, organic geochemistry, metal enrichment as well as fundamental knowledge in Fig. 7. Brongersma-Sanders during the summer of 1964 at the Ria de Arosa in Spain. She discusses the oceanographic work with Joop Rommets (NIOZ, to left of picture) and Henk Sweers (physicist, Leiden Univ.). Photo taken by and courtesy of Hidde Brongersma. Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) 167 geo logy and oceanography. Remarkably she worked consistently to build up her own career but not at the expense of family and household; she was totally self-motivated and enjoyed being entirely self-supporting. Nevertheless she is almost universally ac- knowledged in The Netherlands as having “fallen between the cracks” and is not easy therefore to categorize as a scientist. This may explain the lack of formal recognition she received in her lifetime and when she died. At the end of her life she summarized her thoughts and her own contributions (according to her own words, MB-S Archive, Final Statement 1996, numbers as in the brackets below) as follows: “Q1. If Red Tide and mass mortality at the Namibian coast is the result of the abun- dance of nutrition minerals as a consequence of Upwelling: then Red Tide and mass mortality will occur in other areas with Upwelling as well. The answer was Yes, indeed (publ. 8, 13, a.o.). “Q2. About the origin of salt basins, answer in (publ. 22, 23) “Q3. The high percentages of Cu, Pb, and Zn, etc. in the Kupfer Schiefer are due to the high concentrations of plankton in places where upwelling occurred. This turned out not to be true for Walfi sh Bay. So there must be something else, perhaps the presence of stromatolites (publ. 31). This is still an open question and has to be investigated I believe.” This paper lists all her major and minor publications and seeks to show her unpub- lished record of work especially for Shell. English translations of her brief contempo- rary memorials are given for the fi rst time thus avoiding the vagaries of history for women scientists (see Falk, 2000). This is seen as a fi rst step in making her work and its signifi cance for the history of Dutch science better known in The Netherlands and inter- nationally. Interestingly, her classic paper is still cited and interest in her pioneering work on mass mortalities continues (e.g. Okaichi, 2004; Turner, 2004). The citations are an- notated as to her base at the time and any remaining questions regarding their deriva- tion. Further aspects of her life and work will be dealt with elsewhere. Contemporary memorials There were only two short obituaries written in Dutch when she died in 1996; here they are given in English for the fi rst time. One was by her former head of department and old friend, Professor Dr A. (Ton) J. Pannekoek and written for the Dutch geologi- cal community newsletter. The second was by her colleague in the Geological Insti- tute, Professor Dr Aart Brouwer, palaeontologist and historical geologist. Brouwer’s notice complements that of Pannekoek and he (pers. comm., Sept. 2004) felt the need to emphasize her scientifi c importance and achievements to the Dutch biological community. Prof. Dr A.J. Pannekoek “KNGMG nieuwsbrief” (Newsletter of the Royal Netherlands Geology and Mining Society), 6, September 1996 Translated by Dr J.M.J. Vergoossen Sept. 2004 In Memoriam Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders On June 3, 1996, dr Margaretha Brong ersma-Sanders died at Leyden [NB. Leiden is the proper Dutch spelling] at the age of 91. Her scientifi c work lay at the crossroads of three 168 Turner & Cadée. Dr Margaretha Brongersma-Sanders (1905-1996). Zool. Med. Leiden 80 (2006) sciences: biology, geology and oceanog- a raphy, and in this borderland she has achieved remarkable results. She started her study of biology at the University of Amsterdam in 1923. Her doctoral thesis on fossil fi shes already got her into con- tact with geology and the causes of mass mortality of water organisms. Soon after the war, in 1948, her study “The impor- tance of upwelling water to vertebrate paleontology and oil geology” was pub- lished in the “Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen” (Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences). The importance of her work to oil geology was evident from the courses she gave to oil geologists in Fig. 8a. Greet at the height of her work; b, at- tending the Gordon Conference 1963; photos courtesy of Hidde Brongersma. b