DOWN TO THE LAST GRAIN OF RICE Japantown Senior Apartments San José Archaeological Investigations Final Technical Report Prepared for First Community Housing April 2013 SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY Cover. Lum family portrait, ca. 1921. From left to right: Chew (John), Chin Shee, Sen, Bing Tsud, Foon. Courtesy of Paul Lum. DOWN TO THE LAST GRAIN OF RICE Japantown Senior Apartments San José Archaeological Investigations Final Technical Report Prepared for First Community Housing 75 East Santa Clara Street, Suite 1300 San José, California95113 Prepared by Sandra Massey, Dana Ogo Shew, and Adrian Praetzellis Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Building 29 Rohnert Park, California 94928 phone: (707) 664-2381 fax: (707) 664-4155 www.sonoma.edu/projects/asc e-mail: [email protected] April 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Japantown Senior Apartments Project is the planned redevelopment of 0.55 acres on the west side of Sixth Street in San José, close to its intersection with Taylor Street. The Project site consists of the former City parking lot on the opposite side of Sixth Street from the former City Corporation Yard. The Senior Apartments Project site is within the boundaries of CA-SCL-742H (P-43-001102). This archaeological site is recorded by the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) as encompassing resources associated with historic- era Nihonmachi (or Japantown) and the Heinlenville Chinatown between Fourth, Seventh, Empire and Taylor streets. In 2007, the City of San José issued a Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR, LSA 2007) for the planned redevelopment of the City’s former Corporation Yard. The study area for that project included the current Project site. Archaeological testing and evaluation studies carried out in 2008 and 2009 identified two cultural deposits within the Project site that were determined to be eligible to the California Register of Historical Resources. This report summarizes the 2008 and 2009 archaeological testing and evaluation studies as relevant to the current Project site; presents the findings of those studies including type of deposit, location, and a description of artifacts recovered; provides a historical overview and association for the deposits; and presents interpretation of the findings. This report satisfies the requirements of mitigation measures CULT-2a and CULT-2b of the Japantown Senior Apartments Project Environmental Assessment (ESA 2010). Japantown Senior Apartments, San José Archaeological Investigations iii CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................iii I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 Statement of Purpose ...........................................................................................................................1 Project Location and Setting ...............................................................................................................1 Project History ......................................................................................................................................1 Methods .................................................................................................................................................3 Archaeological Testing and Evaluation Fieldwork .................................................................3 Archaeological Lab Work .............................................................................................................6 Cleaning and Labeling ...........................................................................................................6 Cataloging ................................................................................................................................6 Dating .......................................................................................................................................6 Databases and Data Entry .....................................................................................................6 Discard Policy ..........................................................................................................................9 Faunal Analysis Methods ......................................................................................................9 Archival and Oral History Research ...........................................................................................9 Secondary Sources ..................................................................................................................9 Historic Maps ........................................................................................................................10 Oral Histories.........................................................................................................................11 Previous Archaeological Surveys and Recorded Cultural Resources ...........................11 II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................................13 Early Development of the Santa Clara Valley ................................................................................13 Development of Heinlenville Chinatown ......................................................................................13 Chinese Settlement in the Santa Clara Valley ..........................................................................13 Early Chinese Settlement in San José ........................................................................................14 Market Street and Vine Street Chinatowns .......................................................................14 Anti-Chinese Activism .........................................................................................................14 Establishment of Heinlenville .............................................................................................15 Ng Shing Gung Temple ........................................................................................................16 Agricultural Workers and Heinlenville .............................................................................17 District Associations and Tongs ..........................................................................................19 Women and Families in Heinlenville .................................................................................19 Heinlenville and the Broader San José Community ........................................................20 Dissolution of Heinlenville ..................................................................................................22 Development of Sixth Street Nihonmachi – Japantown ...............................................................23 Japanese Immigration to California ..........................................................................................23 The Japanese in Santa Clara County Agriculture ...................................................................23 Immigration of Japanese Women between 1907 and 1924 ....................................................24 The Development of Nihonmachi .............................................................................................25 Later Development of Nihonmachi Community .............................................................27 Impact of World War II Internment on Nihonmachi .......................................................28 671-675 [655-661] North Sixth Street (Theater, Dwellings and Stores) .......................................29 Description ...................................................................................................................................29 Association ...................................................................................................................................29 “Down To The Last Grain of Rice”: Life in San Jose’s Last Chinatown .....................................34 The Lum Family on N. 6th Street ..............................................................................................34 N. Sixth Street Boarders ..............................................................................................................40 iv Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH DESIGN ...........43 Archaeological Background .............................................................................................................43 Research Design .................................................................................................................................44 Research Context .........................................................................................................................44 Material Culture Studies ......................................................................................................44 Cultural Boundary Maintenance ........................................................................................44 Assimilation and Culture Change ......................................................................................45 Archaeology of Japanese Immigrants ................................................................................45 Differentiating Asian Groups in the Archaeological Record ................................................47 Research Questions and Data Requirements .........................................................................49 IV. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND CRHR EVALUATIONS ...................51 Trench 1 ...............................................................................................................................................51 Description of Artifacts ...............................................................................................................51 Trench 12 .............................................................................................................................................61 Description of Pit 170/171 Artifacts ...........................................................................................61 Summary .............................................................................................................................................70 Analysis of Faunal Remains .............................................................................................................73 Taphonomy ...................................................................................................................................73 Meat Utilized ................................................................................................................................76 Butchering.....................................................................................................................................77 Discussion .....................................................................................................................................78 California Register of Historical Resources Evaluations ..............................................................79 Significance under CRHR Criterion 1 .......................................................................................79 Significance under CRHR Criterion 4 .......................................................................................80 V. INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................................................81 The Lum Family .................................................................................................................................81 Frugality and Resourcefulness ..................................................................................................81 Community ..................................................................................................................................83 Tradition and Chinese Culture ..................................................................................................84 The Boarders ................................................................................................................................84 Life on North Sixth ......................................................................................................................85 REFERENCES CITED.................................................................................................................87 APPENDIXES Appendix A. Documentary Research Tables Appendix B. Concordance Appendix C. Artifact Catalog Japantown Senior Apartments, San José Archaeological Investigations v FIGURES 1. Project location, San José, California .........................................................................................2 2. Testing and Evaluation Project Areas, 2008–2009 ....................................................................4 3. Japantown Senior Apartments Project Site with excavated archaeological trenches .........5 4. Passport and identification photographs of Young Soong Quong .....................................17 5. The Ng Shing Gung temple hung with papier-mache’ guardian effigies during Da Jui “Feast of Hungry Ghosts” .............................................................................................18 6. Mr. and Mrs. Young Soong Quong and their sons, Ming (George) and Jun (John) .........20 7. Sam (Wah Leh) Lee and James (Mun Gai) Chan playing in Heinlenville, ca. 1918 ..........21 8. Yamato Bath House, 1911 ..........................................................................................................26 9. Summary of occupants, 1900 ....................................................................................................30 10. Summary of occupants, 1907–1910 ..........................................................................................31 11. Summary of occupants, 1920 ....................................................................................................32 12. Summary of occupants, 1930 ....................................................................................................33 13. Lum Bing Tsud immigration affidavit, 6 August 1908 ..........................................................35 14. Chin Shee identity photo and Certificate of Identity, ca. 1911 ............................................35 15. Lum family portrait, ca. 1921 ....................................................................................................36 16. Lum Bing Tsud death certificate, 7 June 1921 ........................................................................37 17. Sen Lum’s notes referencing the Chinese Historical and Cultural Project book, Images of America: Chinese in San José and the Santa Clara Valley ............................................38 18. Chin Shee and her three sons John, Sen, and Foon ...............................................................39 19. Trench 1 overlaid on 1890 Sanborn map ................................................................................50 20. Artifacts recovered from Trench 1 ...........................................................................................52 21. Clockwise from top left: fragments of liquor warmer from Trench 1, fragments of tiny cups from Trench 1, and a whole liquor warmer and tiny cups from a private collection ......................................................................................................................................53 22. Decorated tableware vessels from Trench 1 ...........................................................................54 23. Stone quern fragment found in Trench 1 ................................................................................57 24. Aqua glass homeopathic medicine vials ................................................................................57 25. Opaque white glass cold cream jar fragments and an 1890s newspaper ad for “Lola Montez Crème” ................................................................................................................58 26. Illustration of watch fob with two bulldogs ...........................................................................58 27. Location of Trench 12 on 1901 Sanborn Map .........................................................................62 28. Location of Trench 12 on 1915 Sanborn Map .........................................................................63 29. Trenches 16 and 17 in plan and cross-section ........................................................................64 30. Artifacts recovered from Trench 12 .........................................................................................65 31. Decorated tableware artifacts from Trench 12 .......................................................................67 32. Green-glazed barrel jar ..............................................................................................................68 33. Small Chinese brown-glazed stoneware jars .........................................................................68 34. White and black glass zhu .........................................................................................................69 35. Worked abalone fragment ........................................................................................................69 vi Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University FIGURES 37. Seated figurine ............................................................................................................................70 38. Pins, a darning egg, and Saratoga leather dressing used to repair and maintain clothing ........................................................................................................................................82 TABLES 1. Artifact Catalog Categories .........................................................................................................7 2. Artifact Database Categories ......................................................................................................8 3. Chinese and Japanese Populations in Santa Clara County, 1860–1940 ..............................15 4 Trench 1 – Food Preparation/Consumption Vessel Decoration ..........................................55 5. Trench 1 – Marked and Dateable Items ..................................................................................59 6 Trench 12 – Food Preparation/Consumption Vessel Decoration ........................................66 7. Trench 12 – Marked and Dateable Items ................................................................................71 8. Trench 1 and Trench 12 – Animals Represented by NISP and MNI ..................................74 9. Trench 1 and Trench 12 – Major Meat Mammal Element Distribution by NISP ..............75 10. Trench 1 and Trench 12 – Butchering Marks on Major Meat Mammal Bones ..................77 Japantown Senior Apartments, San José Archaeological Investigations vii