Dott, aka zo￿i (Chadic, West-B, South-Bauchi): Grammatical notes, vocabulary and text Bernard Caron To cite this version: Bernard Caron. Dott, aka zo￿i (Chadic, West-B, South-Bauchi): Grammatical notes, vocabulary and text. Afrika und Übersee, 2002, 85, pp.161-248. ￿halshs-00644641￿ HAL Id: halshs-00644641 https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00644641 Submitted on 28 Nov 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. , aka Dott (Chadic, West-B, South-Bauchi): Grammatical notes and vocabulary B. CARON * Llacan 1. Introduction , called Dott by Shimizu (78 : 13), belongs to the Southern Bauchi group of the West Chadic-B sub-branch (SBW) of Chadic (Afroasiatic).  is the ethnonym of a group of people living in the village of Dott, and 7 of the 11 wards ruled over by its chief. The 7 wards are : , , , ª, , , ª. Hausa and Fulße are spoken in the other wards : , ,  and They call their language, the language of the The  started converting to Islam in the 60’s, and are now mainly Muslims, with few Christians and Animists among them. The language borrows heavily to Hausa, both in the vocabulary (25 % of our lexical entries) and in the grammar (conjunctions, auxiliaries, topicalization particles). However, it has retained the essential of its typical SBW character. * Llacan (Langage, Langues et Culture d’Afrique Noire), UMR 7594 (CNRS, Inalco, Paris7) - 7, rue Guy- Môquet 94801 VILLEJUIF Cedex France. [email protected]. 1 This paper is the result of 3 field trips to the village of Dott, of 3 to 4 days each, between 1998 and 2002. I want to express my deep gratitude to the Sarkin Dott, and to the Ubandoma, Ahmed A. Domas and his family. Ahmed has been an extremely patient and gifted language assistant, and has liberally given me his time and energy, driving me around on the back of his motorcycle on the paths of numerous villages, looking for mysterious Chadic languages way beyond the  area. He and his family have made my stay in his compound in Dott a real pleasure. Many thanks to Ahmed’s brother, Nuhu A. Domas, for answering my unending questions. Transcription system : Long vowels are indicated by double letters ; high (Hi=H) tone =  ; low (Lo=L) tone =  ; falling tone =  ; rising tone =We have preferred to use the IPA instead of Hausa spelling conventions to transcribe  sounds. i.e. Hausa  is  ;  is . However, outside the consonant chart, for the sake of legibility, we have kept the letter y to transcribe IPA j. 2. Phonology 2.1 Consonant phonemes                                                                                                                                                           As in Hausa, all  words begin with a consonant and vowel-initial words in the transcription are preceded by a glottal stop : , at ; , of ; , fowl = . The voiced lateral fricative [] is absent. /k/ has many allophones whose distribution is not clear : it is pronounced [k] in initial position, [ in intervocalic position : [] < , [he] greeted you, lit. gave you welcome, but cf. [], after. It is pronounced  when followed by a nasal : [] = , arm, wing, branch ; [] < , praise-pl ; cf []< , thank you (lit. we+Aor. praise Perf., Hau mun gode). It is pronounced [k], sometimes [q2] when followed by other consonants, except in the context  where it is pronounced [x] : [] < , praising. At the end of an utterance, it is pronounced [] or []. The tendency to labialise consonants in front of short / is not as systematic as in Zaar for example : , here = [~]. , , ,  and  are palatalised in front of // and //. 2.2 Vowels  has a six-vowel system, all of them except for // occurring short and long, with no nasals. short long                      Pending a deeper phonological analysis, we have chosen to account for diphthongs as a sequence vowel+glide :  ; ;  ; ; . These sequences don’t appear in the stock  lexicon. They occur only in loan-words from Hausa, or result from suffixation with  morphemes. 2.3 Tones  has two levels of tone (Hi, Lo), plus a rising tone (Lo-Hi) and a falling tone (Hi-Lo). 3. Verbal morphology 3.1 Verb classes  has one and two-syllable verbs, with various tone schemes3 : 2 Uvular stop. 3 There is 1 verb borrowed from Hausa with HHL tones : káránta, read. 2 1 syll. L (56%)  turn round H (13%)  tell 2 syll. HL (20%)  run LL (8%)  swallow 2 syll. LH (6 ex.)  stand up HH (3ex.)  mix 3.2 Verb plurality Verb plurality is not consistently marked in . Verbs and verbal nouns sometimes take a -ni suffix (with a floating Hi tone) in agreement with plural subjects or objects : , do ; , eat ; , get up, grow up, migrate (Hau. tashi).          3s Foc 1s+Fut eat Pro 1pl+Fut eat+pl victory it’s what I shall eat with we will win        2sg+Aor. grow up 1pl+Aor migrate of far you grew up we came from far This suffix is incompatible with the Perfective. 3.3 Verbal extensions One verbal extension was identified, elicited with Hausa grade 5 ‘causative’ verbs. It is fairly common in the small corpus we used. The form is  with a Hi tone suffixed to CV verbs, and  with a Hi-Lo tone scheme suffixed to CVC verbs. original vb. Hausa Zoi derived vb. Hausa Zoi come out fita  get out fitar (da)  get down sauka  take down saukar (da)  climb hau  take up hawar (da)  hide (int.) ßoye  hide (tr.) ßuyar  get spoilt ata  spoil atar (da)  pour zuba  pour away zubar  sit zauna  sit down zaunar (da)  Some verbs have the form of a causative, without any obvious original verb to be associated with : , sell ;  bring ; , , take to. 3.4 Verbal nouns There exists two type of Verbal Nouns (VN) in . They both have -ti suffixes but they differ by their tones. The VN appearing in non-Continuous constructions have Lo tones : say   put   swallow   get up, etc.   In the Continuous, the tones depend on the number of syllables of the verb. For one syllable verbs, the Verbal Noun takes a Hi tone on the first syllable. Compare the following examples contrasting continuous and non-continuous uses of the verbal nouns.         greetings with coming 3pl.+Cont. coming Welcome ! they are coming        3sg. that already (Aux.) telling 2sg. Comp. he who has already told you that (...) 3         because 3sg. Cond Cont. telling 2sg. that because if he is telling you that (...) • For two-syllable verbs, the -ti suffix does not alter the lexical tone of the verb in the continuous.      fear       roll       spin       lear       whistle       laugh       cement       mix     4. Numerals 1  11  2  12  3  13  4  20  5  21  6  30  7  40  8  50  9  100  10  1000  Ordinals are made with the preposition  preceding the cardinal number, which appears in the definite form, viz suffixed with an  : , second ; , third, etc. , first, is an exception.  is to be compared to Zaar , face, front, forward.  is borrowed from Hausa. 5. Nouns 5.1 Gender There is no morphological gender in . 5.2 Plural In nouns, plurals are rare, lexical, and limited to humans : women (, sg. ), children (, sg. ). men () for example, is a collective noun. However, in the nominal system, plurality is marked in the indefinite, in deictics and relative pronouns. 5.3 Possessive NP + NP constructions Possessive constructions in  use the genitive link  :  ‘king of Dot’ ; , ‘(the) house of (the) father of (the) girl’. The genitive link ú is polyfunctional. Its use is not limited to possession, but expresses a more abstract link between two notions. It is used also for adjectival constructions(cf. infra XXX) and composition ( ‘iron’, lit. ‘metal of black’ ;  ‘copper’, lit. ‘metal of red’ ;  ‘sunlight’, lit. ‘sun of white’  ‘moonlight’, lit. ‘moon of white’ ;  ‘food’, lit. ‘thing of food’4). It is used to introduce complements of nominal predicates 4 In the compound , the genitive link [] has lost its initial []. 4 (..., ‘angry with the thing that...’ ;  ‘greeting his wife’, lit. ‘doing greeting of wife-his’) and of prepositional phrases : a  ‘in front of the king’. 5.4 Definiteness 5.4.1 Definite The -i suffix in  expresses a low level of definiteness and can be interpreted as a mark of individuation. 5.4.2 Indefinite The indefinite determiner is  for the singular, and  for the plural. It can be used pronominally :       excl. excl. some at here Look, there’s one ! (Hau : Ap ! Ai ga wani nan !) When used as a determinant, it can occur on the right of the noun :        Neg 1pl know thing some Neg We don’t know anything     after day some after a few days or on the left. In this case, its becomes MH and it is followed by the definite (-i) form of the noun :            Neg 1sg already get some thing that spoil+1sg heart Neg I never got anything that made me sad (lit. spoilt my heart). 5.5 Quantifiers The distributive quantifiers are  (pro.), everybody ; , each/every (for a thing).     everyone Cont laughing Everybody is laughing. The determinant  is followed by a noun phrase with the  definite suffix:        each day+def each day five+def every year every five year The global quantifier , all, has both adjectival uses        all thing that bother+1s Perf ... all the things that bothered me... and pronominal uses :          people+of prayer people+of Christ all 3pl+Hab gather+pl. 3pl.+pl Muslims, Christiants, all gather. 5 5.6 Deictics  uses proximal and distal deictics. Pronouns and determinants are sensitive to number. proximal distal Adverbs  here  there Determinants sg  this (cow)  that (cow) pl  these (cows)  those (cows) Pronouns sg  this one  that one pl  these ones  those ones 6. Adjectives Although there are a certain number of verbs with a stative meaning, the adjectival function is relatively well developed in , with adjectives proper and participles. 6.1 Adjectives proper Adjectives are not uncommon in , and are represented beyond the class of colour terms : , white ; , red ; , blue ; , black ; , big ; , sweet ; , ugly ; , wet, unripe ; , deep ; , new ; , cold. The unusual adjective , big, is found in the expression  , big spirits. 6.2 Participles Participles are derived from verbs with the suffix  —often pronounced — and a MH(M) tone scheme :  heat up  hot  fill  full  circle  round  be dry  dry  be narrow  narrow  get old  old  ripen  ripe  remain  left over  rot  rotten Some participles cannot be linked to a verb : , void ; , sour ; , crooked ; , evil, mad ; , [], honest. 6.3 Adjectival constructions 6.3.1 Attributive adjectives The paratactic construction uses the Noun + Adjective : , an orange (lit. lemon sweet) ; , a black cow (lit. cow black) The analytic construction uses the genitive link  and the word order Noun +  + Adjective : , ‘elder/younger brother’, lit. ‘brother of old/young’ ; , ‘good advice’, lit. ‘advice of good’ ; , ‘good song’, lit. ‘song of nice’.       I+Aor cross river of deep I crossed a deep river. 6.3.2 Predicative adjectives Predicative adjectives use the non-verbal predicate  (‘be’) with the order Noun + Adjective + : 5 This word is pronounced [] in sentence-final position and [] elsewhere. 6      man this ugly be This man is ugly. The negative uses the particle  :        cow+def black be Neg. white be The cow is not black, it is white. Another construction uses , which is a contraction of  (‘be’) and the genitive link  (‘of’), with the order Noun +  + Adjective :         cow+def be+of black tree+def be+of big the cow is black the tree is big This same construction is used when the predicate is a quality expressed by a noun :           2sg 2sg be+of knowledge well but 1pl Top ... You, you are educated, well but as for us... 6.4 Participle constructions 6.4.1 Attributive participles There exists only a paratactic construction, with the order Participle + Noun, using the short form of the participle.      give+me dry bread Perf Give me some dry bread ! 6.4.2 Predicative participles In the affirmative, predicative participles use the non-verbal predicate  only, without genitive link, and the word order Noun + Participle + . The negation uses the Negative Perfect of the corresponding verb. (cf. 8.2.3)          bread+def be dry bread+def Neg dry Neg the bread is dry the bread is not dry 7. Pronominal paradigms 7.1 Subject pronouns There are three basic paradigms : Aorist, Continuous and Future. Other aspects (Perfect, Habitual) are marked by particles combined with the Aorist pronouns. 7.1.1 Basic TAM’s Aorist Future Continuous 1sg.    2sg.    3sg.    1pl    2pl    3pl    In the Continuous, the verb is replaced by a Verbal Noun (cf. § 3.4). The Future often appears with  suffixed to the verb : 7     3pl+Fut touch-ni cow They will touch the cow. However, the same suffix can appear with other tenses, such as the Aorist used with stative verbs :       1s+Aor like-ni food of hot I like hot food.      food this hot-ni really This food is too hot. With a nominal subject, the aspect morpheme appears alone : zero () for the Aorist, for the Continuous and  for the Future.           rabbit Aor. get angry of thing Comp he-goat Cont. doing Rabbit got angry about what He-goat was doing.     he-goat Fut enter-ni He-goat will enter. 7.1.2 Derived TAM’s 7.1.2.1 Perfect The Perfect is a combination of the Aorist +  at the end of the Verb Phrase. The initial // of the particle assimilates to the preceding consonant or becomes [when following a vowel. If the initial C of the particle has assimilated to a nasal, a lateral, a semi-vowel, or [h], the utterance-final /K/ is realised [h].      people Aor come out Perf people came out      they-Aor tell (traditional title) Perf they told the war chief // is realised [] when followed by a nasal (generally the negative particle ) :          Neg until people Aor do war Perf Neg it doesn’t mean that people make war It is realised [] when followed by any other consonant or when utterance final :          if one that Aor take Perf well [...] if one agrees, well [...] 7.1.2.2 Habitual The habitual is marked by  inserted between the Aorist subject pronouns and the verb.           one Hab go at war of hand empty Neg People don’t go to war empty-handed (Hau. «)  can also appear with the Future :        like this that 3p-Fut Hab do again that’s the way they will go on doing (Hau. «) 6 When utterance final, the [] can be replaced by the glottal stop [. 8  is related to the adverb  again7. This adverb often appears redundantly with the Habitual, as in the example above. 7.2 Other pronouns Object Possessive Nominal ICP Independent pronouns pronouns Predicatio pronouns n 1sg.      2sg.      3sg.      1pl      2pl      3pl      Comments : • 3 kinship terms (, husband ; , son ; , mother’s brother) have a special genitive paradigm : Possessive uncle husband pronouns 1sg.    2sg.    3sg.    1pl    2pl    3pl    • ICP’s are suffixed to the verb, with frequent consonant assimilation. The 1st person singular is marked by a Hi tone on the last syllable of the verb. NB : the 3rd person singular  which, with the Continuous , is the only survival of the common Chadic personal mark, under the form of the feminine pronoun. Elsewhere, the 3rd person mark is replaced by the word , which is to be compared to the word , thing. • The Dative does not have a specific paradigm, but is only marked in the 3rd person by a  suffixed to the verb. It replaces the Direct Object 3rd person singular pronoun , and the 3rd person plural pronoun , becomes Lo : Perfect sg  they brought (it) to him pl.  they brought (it) to them Continuous sg  they are bringing (it) to him pl  they are bringing (it) to them Future sg  they will bring (it) to him pl  they will bring (it) to them 8. Syntax 8.1 Verbless sentences 8.1.1 Identification Identification is expressed either with a zero predicate :       name 1s.poss Equ Musa Zailani My name is Musa Zailani. or with the non-verbal predicates  or  7 The relation with the polysemic  of location is not clear (cf XXX) 9