(cid:2) DOPPLER RADAR PHYSIOLOGICAL SENSING (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) WILEY SERIES IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND MULTI-DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS KAICHANG,SERIESEDITOR AdvancesinOpticalImagingforClinicalMedicine NicusorIftimia,WilliamR.Brugge,andDanielX.Hammer(Editors) AntigenRetrievalImmunohistochemistryBasedResearchandDiagnostics Shan-RongShiandCliveR.Taylor IntroductiontoNanomedicineandNanobioengineering ParasN.Prasad BiomedicalImageUnderstanding Joo-HweeLim,Sim-HengOng,andWeiXiong(Editors) DopplerRadarPhysiologicalSensing OlgaBoric-Lubecke,VictorM.Lubecke,AmyD.Droitcour,Byung-KwonPark, andAdityaSingh(Editors) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) DOPPLER RADAR PHYSIOLOGICAL SENSING Editedby OLGABORIC-LUBECKE VICTORM.LUBECKE AMYD.DROITCOUR BYUNG-KWONPARK (cid:2) (cid:2) ADITYASINGH (cid:2) (cid:2) Copyright©2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax (978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshould beaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. 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Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Dopplerradarphysiologicalsensing/editedbyOlgaBoric-Lubecke,VictorM.Lubecke, AmyD.Droitcour,Byung-KwonPark,AdityaSingh. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-118-02402-7(cloth) I.Boric-Lubecke,Olga,1966-,editor.II.Lubecke,VictorM.,editor.III.Droitcour,AmyD.,editor. IV.Park,Byung-Kwon,editor.V.Singh,Aditya,1984-,editor. [DNLM:1.HeartRate.2.Monitoring,Physiologic–methods.3.RespiratoryRate. 4.SignalProcessing,Computer-Assisted.5.Ultrasonography,Doppler–methods.WG140] QP113 612.1′71–dc23 2015028401 Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 1 2016 (cid:2) (cid:2) CONTENTS ListofContributors xi (cid:2) 1 Introduction 1 (cid:2) AmyD.Droitcour,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,ShuheiYamada, andVictorM.Lubecke 1.1 CurrentMethodsofPhysiologicalMonitoring, 2 1.2 NeedforNoncontactPhysiologicalMonitoring, 3 1.2.1 PatientswithCompromisedSkin, 3 1.2.2 SleepMonitoring, 4 1.2.3 ElderlyMonitoring, 5 1.3 DopplerRadarPotentialforPhysiologicalMonitoring, 5 1.3.1 PrincipleofOperationandPowerBudget, 6 1.3.2 HistoryofDopplerRadarinPhysiologicalMonitoring, 8 References, 16 2 RadarPrinciples 21 EhsanYavari,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,andShuheiYamada 2.1 BriefHistoryofRadar, 21 2.2 RadarPrincipleofOperation, 22 2.2.1 ElectromagneticWavePropagationandReflection, 23 2.2.2 RadarCrossSection, 24 2.2.3 RadarEquation, 25 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi CONTENTS 2.3 DopplerRadar, 28 2.3.1 DopplerEffect, 28 2.3.2 DopplerRadarWaveforms:CW,FMCW,Pulsed, 29 2.4 MonostaticandBistaticRadar, 32 2.5 RadarApplications, 35 References, 36 3 PhysiologicalMotionandMeasurement 39 AmyD.DroitcourandOlgaBoric-Lubecke 3.1 RespiratorySystemMotion, 39 3.1.1 IntroductiontotheRespiratorySystem, 39 3.1.2 RespiratoryMotion, 40 3.1.3 ChestWallMotionAssociatedwithBreathing, 43 3.1.4 BreathingPatternsinDiseaseandDisorder, 43 3.2 HeartSystemMotion, 44 3.2.1 LocationandGrossAnatomyoftheHeart, 45 3.2.2 ElectricalandMechanicalEventsoftheHeart, 46 3.2.3 ChestSurfaceMotionDuetoHeartFunction, 48 3.2.4 QuantitativeMeasurementofChestWallMotionDueto Heartbeat, 50 3.3 CirculatorySystemMotion, 53 (cid:2) 3.3.1 LocationandStructureoftheMajorArteriesandVeins, 54 (cid:2) 3.3.2 BloodFlowThroughArteriesandVeins, 55 3.3.3 SurfaceMotionfromBloodFlow, 56 3.3.4 CirculatorySystemMotion:VariationwithAge, 57 3.4 InteractionofRespiratory,Heart,andCirculatoryMotionattheSkin Surface, 58 3.5 MeasurementofHeartandRespiratorySurfaceMotion, 58 3.5.1 RadarMeasurementofPhysiologicalMotion, 59 3.5.2 SurfaceMotionMeasurementofRespirationRate, 59 3.5.3 SurfaceMotionMeasurementofHeart/PulseRate, 61 References, 63 4 PhysiologicalDopplerRadarOverview 69 AdityaSingh,Byung-KwonPark,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,IsarMostafanezhad, andVictorM.Lubecke 4.1 RFFrontEnd, 70 4.1.1 QuadratureReceiver, 73 4.1.2 PhaseCoherenceandRangeCorrelation, 77 4.1.3 FrequencyChoice, 79 4.1.4 AntennaConsiderations, 80 4.1.5 PowerBudget, 80 (cid:2) (cid:2) CONTENTS vii 4.2 BasebandModule, 83 4.2.1 AnalogSignalConditioningandCouplingMethods, 83 4.2.2 DataAcquisition, 85 4.3 SignalProcessing, 86 4.3.1 PhaseDemodulation, 86 4.3.2 DemodulatedPhaseProcessing, 87 4.4 NoiseSources, 90 4.4.1 ElectricalNoise, 90 4.4.2 MechanicalNoise, 92 4.5 Conclusions, 92 References, 93 5 CWHomodyneTransceiverChallenges 95 AdityaSingh,AlexVergara,AmyD.Droitcour,Byung-KwonPark, OlgaBoric-Lubecke,ShuheiYamada,andVictorM.Lubecke 5.1 RFFrontEnd, 95 5.1.1 Single-ChannelLimitations, 96 5.1.2 LOLeakageCancellation, 103 5.1.3 IQImbalanceAssessment, 109 5.2 BasebandModule, 113 5.2.1 ACandDCCoupling, 113 (cid:2) 5.2.2 DCCanceller, 114 (cid:2) 5.3 SignalDemodulation, 118 5.3.1 DCOffsetandDCInformation, 118 5.3.2 CenterTracking, 125 5.3.3 DCCancellationResults, 130 References, 134 6 SourcesofNoiseandSignal-to-NoiseRatio 137 AmyD.Droitcour,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,andShuheiYamada 6.1 SignalPower,RadarEquation,andRadarCrossSection, 138 6.1.1 RadarEquation, 138 6.1.2 RadarCrossSection, 140 6.1.3 ReflectionandAbsorption, 141 6.1.4 Phase-to-AmplitudeConversion, 141 6.2 OscillatorPhaseNoise,RangeCorrelationandResidualPhaseNoise, 143 6.2.1 OscillatorPhaseNoise, 143 6.2.2 RangeCorrelationandResidualPhaseNoise, 147 6.3 ContributionsofVariousNoiseSources, 151 6.3.1 PhaseNoise, 151 6.3.2 Baseband1/f Noise, 154 6.3.3 RFAdditiveWhiteGaussianNoise, 154 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii CONTENTS 6.4 Signal-to-NoiseRatio, 155 6.5 ValidationofRangeCorrelation, 157 6.6 HumanTestingValidation, 158 References, 168 7 DopplerRadarPhysiologicalAssessments 171 JohnKiriazi,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,ShuheiYamada,VictorM.Lubecke, andWansureeMassagram 7.1 Actigraphy, 172 7.2 RespiratoryRate, 176 7.3 TidalVolume, 179 7.4 HeartRates, 184 7.5 HeartRateVariability, 185 7.6 RespiratorySinusArrhythmia, 190 7.7 RCsandSubjectOrientation, 196 References, 204 8 AdvancedPerformanceArchitectures 207 AdityaSingh,AlyFathy,IsarMostafanezhad,JenshanLin,OlgaBoric-Lubecke, ShuheiYamada,VictorM.Lubecke,andYazhouWang 8.1 DCOffsetandSpectrumFolding, 208 (cid:2) (cid:2) 8.1.1 Single-ChannelHomodyneSystemwithPhaseTuning, 208 8.1.2 HeterodyneSystemwithFrequencyTuning, 213 8.1.3 Low-IFArchitecture, 220 8.2 MotionInterferenceSuppression, 224 8.2.1 InterferenceCancellation, 226 8.2.2 BistaticRadar:SensorNodes, 231 8.2.3 PassiveRFTags, 240 8.3 RangeDetection, 250 8.3.1 PhysiologicalMonitoringwithFMCWRadar, 250 8.3.2 PhysiologicalMonitoringwithUWBRadar, 251 References, 266 9 ApplicationsandFutureResearch 269 AdityaSinghandVictorM.Lubecke 9.1 CommercialDevelopment, 269 9.1.1 Healthcare, 269 9.1.2 Defense, 272 9.2 RecentResearchAreas, 272 9.2.1 SleepStudy, 272 9.2.2 Range, 275 (cid:2)