Pocket Genius dogs FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS US_001_Title.indd 1 24/06/15 2:58 pm DK DELHI Senior editor Neha Gupta Editor Ishani Nandi Art editors Nidhi Mehra, Shipra Jain, Nishesh Batnagar DTP designers Jagtar Singh, Jaypal Singh Chauhan Picture researcher Sumedha Chopra DK LONDON Senior editor Caroline Stamps Senior art editor Rachael Grady US editor Margaret Parrish Managing editor Gareth Jones Managing art editor Philip Letsu Jacket editor Manisha Majithia Jacket designers Laura Brim, Nishesh Batnagar Jacket design development manager Sophia M. Tampakopoulos Turner Producer (pre-production) Rebecca Fallowfield Producer (print production) Vivienne Yong Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Art director Phil Ormerod Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Consultant Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan First American Edition, 2014 This edition published in the United States in 2016 by DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2014, 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–290719–January/2016 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4654-4585-8 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 [email protected] Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com US_002-003_Contents_dogs.indd 2 07/08/15 12:01 pm contents 4 The dog 92 terriers 6 The dog family 94 What is a terrier? 8 Heads and ears 96 Terriers 10 Coats and colors 12 Senses 106 gundogs 14 Behavior 108 What is a gundog? 16 Dogs and people 110 Gundogs 18 Breed groups 122 companion dogs 22 working dogs 124 What is a companion dog? 24 What is a working dog? 126 Companion dogs 26 Working dogs 136 crossbreeds 48 spitz-type dogs 138 What is a crossbreed? 50 What is a spitz? 140 Crossbreeds 52 Spitz-type dogs 146 Fascinating facts 64 hounds 148 Famous dogs 66 What is a hound? 150 Glossary 68 Sight hounds 152 Index 76 Scent hounds 156 Acknowledgments Breed recognition The breeds in this book are recognized by official societies such as the American Kennel Club, the UK Kennel Club, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). Scales and sizes This book contains scale drawings of dogs to show how tall they are in relation to an average adult male. The measurement is taken from a dog’s feet 6 ft to the top of its neck. (1.8 m) Chihuahua US_002-003_Contents_dogs.indd 3 07/08/15 12:01 pm 4 | DOGS The DOG | 5 The dog Domestic dogs are descended from the Gray Wolf. At least 14,000 years ago, some wolves began to wander into human villages looking for food. People realized that the friendliest of these animals could be tamed and trained to help them with various tasks, such as hunting and guarding. Skeleton Dogs are designed to hunt. They have a flexible skeleton that The skull protects allows them to run quickly. The position of the eye sockets towards the brain and gives shape to a dog’s face the sides of the skull makes dogs excellent at judging distance. The pelvis connects the hind legs to The neck joins the the backbone head to the shoulders Hip joints The rib cage allow a protects the large range heart and lungs The muzzle contains of movement the upper and lower jaw The elbow is the second joint in the leg, just below The hock (heel) is the chest raised off the ground, allowing a dog to run on its toes Nails or claws at the end of each toe prevent slipping when a dog runs Skeleton of a dog US_004-005_The_Dog.indd 4 24/06/15 2:59 pm 4 | DOGS The DOG | 5 Muscles A dog has strong muscles, which enable it to move fast and catch prey. Limb muscles are found in the Strong muscles open upper body. The lower legs contain tendons— and close the jaw tough tissues that connect muscles to bones. Forearm (lower leg) muscles size variation support and control the paws At first, variations between one dog and another Muscles in the happened by chance. tail allow a dog But over centuries, humans to wag it chose to breed dogs of particular sizes, shapes, and abilities. This process produced the huge variety of dogs we have today. Bolognese Thin muscle layer protects the abdomen Lower limbs have tendons and ligaments, but few muscles Paw pads act like cushions to bear Muscles of a dog Boxer a dog’s weight US_004-005_The_Dog.indd 5 24/06/15 2:59 pm 6 | DoGS ThE DoG fAmily | 7 The dog family Animals that belong to the dog family, or Canidae, Canidae are called canids. All wild canids hunt or scavenge for food, which they usually find with their nose. Altogether, there are 35 dog species—here are six of the most widely distributed canids. Gray wolf Golden JaCkal afriCan huntinG doG Jackals live in dry, open spaces. Golden, or Common, Jackals are the most widespread, being domestic found in both Asia dogs are and Africa. descended from the Gray Wolf. african hunting dogs wolves live and hunt in have a patchy coat with packs. Gray Wolves are areas of red, black, the most common, and brown, white, and yellow are found mainly in Canada, fur. These endangered Alaska, and Asia, but there creatures hunt in packs, are also some in Europe. just like wolves. US_006-007_The_Dog_Family.indd 6 24/06/15 2:59 pm 6 | DogS ThE Dog FAmIly | 7 Where did dogs come from? The earliest member of the Canidae probably lived about 40 million years ago. It had slightly longer legs than its tree-dwelling ancestors and spent more time on the ground hunting prey. It developed sharp teeth and acute hearing—characteristics also 9,000-year-old found in canids today. dog fossil ManeD WolF ReD Fox Raccoon Dog Native to South Raccoon Dogs America, Maned live in Europe Wolves have and Asia. They incredibly long are good climbers legs so they can (unusual for a canid) hunt in tall grass. as well as expert swimmers. They eat frogs and fish. Foxes are characterized by their pointed ears and snout, and long, bushy tail. They live in small family groups. The Red Fox can be found in most parts of the world. US_006-007_The_Dog_Family.indd 7 24/06/15 2:59 pm 8 | dOGS hEAdS And EArS | 9 Heads and ears Ears There are three main ear shapes Since humans first tamed the Gray Wolf, they have changed for a dog: erect (standing up), its appearance dramatically through selective breeding, which semierect (half standing up), and drop (hanging down). is why modern dogs have such a range of features. The shape of a dog’s ears Both the shape of a dog’s head and its ear is specific to each breed. type vary greatly across breeds. Heads A dog’s head is defined by the length of its muzzle—short, medium, or long. Muzzle length affects a dog’s ability to follow a scent—generally, the longer it is, the better a dog’s sense of smell. Erect: Candle-Flame (English Toy Terrier) Short muzzle Medium muzzle Long muzzle (Bulldog) (German Pointer) (Saluki) US_008-009_Heads_and_ears.indd 8 24/06/15 2:59 pm