RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS NEWBUILDINGS HULLANDEQUIPMENT MAIN CLASS PART3 CHAPTER 1 HULL STRUCTURAL DESIGN SHIPS WITH LENGTH 100 METRES AND ABOVE JANUARY 2001 CONTENTS PAGE Sec. 1 GeneralRequirements................................................................................................................7 Sec. 2 Materials and MaterialProtection............................................................................................13 Sec. 3 Design Principles......................................................................................................................17 Sec. 4 Design Loads............................................................................................................................29 Sec. 5 LongitudinalStrength...............................................................................................................37 Sec. 6 BottomStructures.....................................................................................................................49 Sec. 7 Side Structures..........................................................................................................................58 Sec. 8 Deck Structures........................................................................................................................67 Sec. 9 Bulkhead Structures .................................................................................................................73 Sec.10 Superstructure Ends,Deckhouse Sides and Ends,Bulwarks...................................................79 Sec.11 Openings andClosingAppliances ...........................................................................................84 Sec.12 Weldingand Weld Connections.............................................................................................103 Sec.13 DirectStrength Calculations .................................................................................................108 Sec.14 BucklingControl....................................................................................................................113 Sec.15 Structures for HighTemperature Cargo.................................................................................119 Sec.16 SpecialRequirements - Additional Class...............................................................................122 Sec.17 Fatigue Control ......................................................................................................................127 Sec.18 CorrosionPrevention..............................................................................................................128 App.A ElasticBuckling and Ultimate Strength.................................................................................131 DET NORSKE VERITAS Veritasveien1,N-1322Høvik,NorwayTel.: +4767579900Fax: +4767579911 CHANGES IN THE RULES General (cid:127) Sec.9BulkheadStructures — PreviousitemA500ontestinghasbeendeleted. The present editionof the rulesincludesadditions andamendments decidedbytheboardinDecember2000,andsupersedestheJanuary (cid:127) Sec.11OpeningandClosingAppliances 2000editionofthesamechapter. — PreviousitemsA401andA402ontestinghavebeendeletedand Therulechangescomeintoforceon1July2001. previousA403toA405havebeenrenumberedA401toA403. This chapter is validuntilsupersededbya revisedchapter.Supple- — PreviousitemsE108andE109ontestinghavebeendeleted. mentswillnotbeissuedexceptforanupdatedlistofminoramend- — PreviousitemG400ontestinghavebeendeleted. ments and corrections presented in Pt.0 Ch.1 Sec.3. Pt.0 Ch.1 is normallyrevisedinJanuaryandJulyeachyear. Revised chapters will be forwarded to all subscribers to the rules. CorrectionsandClarifications Buyersofreprintsareadvisedtochecktheupdatedlistofrulechap- tersprintedinPt.0Ch.1Sec.1toensurethatthechapteriscurrent. Inadditiontotheabovestatedruleamendments,somedetectederrors havebeencorrected,andsomeclarificationshave beenmadeinthe existingrulewording. Mainchanges • Sec.1GeneralRequirements — SubsectionDhasbeencompletelyrewrittenandanewTableD1 has been added, collecting all requirements for structural and tightnesstestinginoneplace.(CoverIACSURS14). [email protected] Forsubscriptionordersorinformationaboutsubscriptionterms,[email protected] ComprehensiveinformationaboutDNVandtheSociety'sservicesisfoundattheWebsitehttp://www.dnv.com ©DetNorskeVeritas ComputerTypesetting(FM+SGML)byDetNorskeVeritas PrintedinNorwaybyGCSAS. IfanypersonsufferslossordamagewhichisprovedtohavebeencausedbyanynegligentactoromissionofDetNorskeVeritas,thenDetNorskeVeritasshallpaycompensationtosuchperson forhisproveddirectlossordamage.However,thecompensationshallnotexceedanamountequaltotentimesthefeechargedfortheserviceinquestion,providedthatthemaximumcompen- sationshallneverexceedUSD2million. Inthisprovision"DetNorskeVeritas"shallmeantheFoundationDetNorskeVeritasaswellasallitssubsidiaries,directors,officers,employees,agentsandanyotheractingonbehalfofDet NorskeVeritas. RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page3 CONTENTS SEC.1 GENERALREQUIREMENTS.......................... 7 C. LocalDesign........................................................................21 C 100 Definitionofspanforstiffenersandgirders...................21 A. Classification..........................................................................7 C 200 Endconnectionsofstiffeners..........................................22 A 100 Application........................................................................7 C 300 Endconnectionsofgirders..............................................22 A 200 Classnotations..................................................................7 C 400 Effectiveflangeofgirders..............................................24 C 500 Effectivewebofgirders..................................................25 B. Definitions..............................................................................7 C 600 Stiffeningofgirders........................................................26 B 100 Symbols.............................................................................7 C 700 Reinforcementatknuckles..............................................27 B 200 Terms................................................................................7 C 800 Continuityoflocalstrengthmembers.............................27 B 300 Shiptypes..........................................................................9 C 900 Weldingofoutfittingdetailstohull................................27 C 1000 Propertiesandselectionofsections................................28 C. Documentation......................................................................9 C 1100 Coldformedplating........................................................28 C 100 Plansandparticulars.........................................................9 C 200 Specificationsandcalculations.......................................10 SEC.4 DESIGNLOADS............................................... 29 C 300 Specificpurposedocumentation.....................................10 A. General................................................................................29 D. StructuralandTightnessTesting .....................................10 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................29 D 100 Definitions.......................................................................10 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................29 D 200 Generalrequirements......................................................10 D 300 Specificrequirementsforextentandtypeoftesting.......10 B. ShipMotionsandAccelerations.......................................29 E. ShipsBuiltforIn-WaterSurvey........................................12 B 100 General............................................................................29 E 100 General............................................................................12 B 200 Basicparameters.............................................................29 E 200 Rudder.............................................................................12 B 300 Surge,sway/yawandheaveaccelerations.....................30 E 300 Tailshaft..........................................................................12 B 400 Rollmotionandacceleration..........................................30 B 500 Pitchmotionandacceleration.........................................30 SEC.2 MATERIALSANDMATERIAL B 600 Combinedverticalacceleration.......................................31 PROTECTION.................................................... 13 B 700 Combinedtransverseacceleration..................................31 B 800 Combinedlongitudinalaccelerations..............................31 A. General.................................................................................13 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................13 C. PressuresandForces..........................................................31 A 200 Materialcertificates.........................................................13 C 100 General............................................................................31 C 200 Seapressures...................................................................31 B. HullStructuralSteel...........................................................13 C 300 Liquidsintanks...............................................................32 B 100 General............................................................................13 C 400 Drycargoes,stores,equipmentandaccommodation......35 B 200 Materialdesignationsandclasses...................................13 C 500 Deckcargounits.Deckequipment.................................36 B 300 Basicrequirements..........................................................13 B 400 Requirementsforlowairtemperatures(specialfeatures SEC.5 LONGITUDINALSTRENGTH....................... 37 notationDAT(-x°C))......................................................14 B 500 Materialatcross-joints....................................................14 A. General................................................................................37 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................37 C. AlternativeStructuralMaterials.......................................14 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................37 C 100 Aluminium......................................................................14 C 200 Stainlesssteel..................................................................14 B. StillWaterandWaveInducedHullGirderBending MomentsandShearForces...............................................37 D. CorrosionAdditionsforSteelShips..................................15 B 100 Stillwaterconditions.......................................................37 D 100 General............................................................................15 B 200 Waveloadconditions......................................................39 D 200 Corrosionadditions.........................................................15 D 300 ClassnotationICM(IncreasedCorrosionMargin).........15 C. BendingStrengthandStiffness.........................................40 C 100 Midshipsectionparticulars.............................................40 SEC.3 DESIGNPRINCIPLES..................................... 17 C 200 Extentofhighstrengthsteel(HS-steel)..........................40 C 300 Sectionmodulus.............................................................41 A. SubdivisionandArrangement...........................................17 C 400 Momentofinertia...........................................................42 A 100 General............................................................................17 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................17 D. ShearStrength....................................................................42 A 300 Numberoftransversewatertightbulkheads....................17 D 100 General............................................................................42 A 400 Positionofcollisionbulkhead.........................................17 D 200 Shipswithsingleordoubleskinandwithoutother A 500 Heightofwatertightbulkheads.......................................18 effectivelongitudinalbulkheads.....................................43 A 600 Openingandclosingappliances......................................18 D 300 Shipswithtwoeffectivelongitudinalbulkheads............43 A 700 Cofferdamsandtankcontents.........................................18 A 800 Forwardcompartmentcontents.......................................18 D 400 Shipswithnumberofeffectivelongitudinalbulkheads A 900 Minimumbowheight......................................................18 differentfromtwo...........................................................44 A 1000 Accesstoandwithinnarrowballasttanks......................18 D 500 Strengtheninginwayoftransversestringers..................45 A 1100 Steeringgearcompartment.............................................18 E. OpeningsinLongitudinalStrengthMembers.................45 B. StructuralDesignPrinciples..............................................19 E 100 Positions..........................................................................45 B 100 Designprocedure............................................................19 E 200 Deduction-freeopenings.................................................45 B 200 Loadingconditions..........................................................19 E 300 Compensations................................................................46 B 300 Hullgirderstrength.........................................................19 E 400 Reinforcementandshapeofsmalleropenings...............46 B 400 Localbendingandshearstrength....................................20 E 500 Hatchwaycorners............................................................46 B 500 Bucklingstrength............................................................20 E 600 Miscellaneous.................................................................47 B 600 Impactstrength................................................................20 B 700 Fatigue.............................................................................21 F. LoadingGuidanceInformation........................................47 B 800 Localvibrations..............................................................21 F 100 General............................................................................47 B 900 Miscellaneousstrengthrequirements..............................21 F 200 Conditionsofapprovalofloadingmanuals....................47 B 1000 Reliability-basedanalysisofhullstructures...................21 F 300 Conditionofapprovalofloadingcomputersystems......48 DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page4 SEC.6 BOTTOMSTRUCTURES................................ 49 deckframes.....................................................................65 A. General................................................................................49 SEC.8 DECKSTRUCTURES...................................... 67 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................49 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................49 A. General.................................................................................67 A 300 Documentation................................................................49 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................67 A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................49 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................67 A 500 Bottomarrangement........................................................50 A 300 Documentation................................................................67 A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................67 B. DesignLoads.......................................................................50 A 500 Constructionandinitialtestingofwatertightdecks,trunks B 100 Localloadsonbottomstructures....................................50 etc....................................................................................68 B 200 Totalloadsondoublebottom..........................................50 B. DesignLoads.......................................................................68 C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................51 B 100 Localloadsondeckstructures........................................68 C 100 General............................................................................51 C 200 Keelplate........................................................................51 C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................70 C 300 Bottomandbilgeplating.................................................51 C 100 Strengthdeckplating......................................................70 C 400 Innerbottomplating........................................................52 C 200 Platingofdecksbeloworabovestrengthdeck...............70 C 500 Platingindoublebottomfloorsandlongitudinal C 300 Longitudinals..................................................................70 girders..............................................................................52 C 400 Transversebeams............................................................70 C 600 Transverseframes...........................................................53 C 700 Bottomlongitudinals.......................................................53 D. Girders.................................................................................71 C 800 Innerbottomlongitudinals..............................................53 D 100 General............................................................................71 C 900 Stiffeningofdoublebottomfloorsandgirders...............54 D 200 Simplegirders.................................................................71 D 300 Complexgirdersystems..................................................71 D. ArrangementofDoubleBottom........................................54 D 100 General............................................................................54 E. SpecialRequirements.........................................................71 D 200 Doublebottomwithtransverseframing..........................54 E 100 Transversestrengthofdeckbetweenhatches.................71 D 300 Doublebottomwithlongitudinals...................................54 E 200 Strengthofdeckoutsidelargehatches............................71 E 300 Pillarsintanks.................................................................72 E. DoubleBottomGirderSystembelowCargoHoldsand E 400 Strengtheningagainstliquidimpactpressureinlarger Tanks....................................................................................55 tanks................................................................................72 E 100 Mainscantlings...............................................................55 E 500 Foundationsfordeckmachinery,cranesandmasts........72 E 600 Emergencytowingarrangementsfortankers..................72 F. SingleBottomGirders........................................................55 F 100 Mainscantlings...............................................................55 SEC.9 BULKHEADSTRUCTURES........................... 73 F 200 Localscantlings...............................................................55 A. General.................................................................................73 G.GirdersinPeaks..................................................................55 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................73 G 100 Arrangement....................................................................55 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................73 G 200 Scantlings........................................................................55 A 300 Documentation................................................................73 G 300 Details.............................................................................55 A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................73 H.SpecialRequirements.........................................................55 B. DesignLoads.......................................................................74 H 100 Verticalstruts..................................................................55 B 100 Localloadsonbulkheadstructures.................................74 H 200 Strengtheningagainstslamming.....................................55 H 300 Strengtheningforgrabloadinganddischarging(special C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................75 featuresnotationIB(+)....................................................57 C 100 Bulkheadplating.............................................................75 H 400 Docking...........................................................................57 C 200 Longitudinals..................................................................75 C 300 Verticalandtransversestiffenersontank,wash,drybulk SEC.7 SIDESTRUCTURES......................................... 58 cargo,collisionandwatertightbulkheads.......................75 A. General................................................................................58 D. Girders.................................................................................76 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................58 D 100 General............................................................................76 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................58 D 200 Simplegirders.................................................................76 A 300 Documentation................................................................58 D 300 Complexgirdersystems..................................................77 A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................58 E. SpecialRequirements.........................................................77 B. DesignLoads.......................................................................59 E 100 Shafttunnels....................................................................77 B 100 Localloadsonsidestructures.........................................59 E 200 Corrugatedbulkheads.....................................................77 E 300 Supportingbulkheads......................................................77 C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................60 E 400 Strengtheningagainstliquidimpactpressureinlarger C 100 Sideplating,general........................................................60 tanks................................................................................77 C 200 Sheerstrakeatstrengthdeck...........................................60 C 300 Longitudinals..................................................................61 SEC.10 SUPERSTRUCTUREENDS,DECKHOUSE C 400 Mainframes ...................................................................61 SIDESANDENDS,BULWARKS.................... 79 C 500 'Tweendeckframesandverticalpeakframes ...............61 A. General.................................................................................79 D. Girders.................................................................................62 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................79 D 100 General............................................................................62 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................79 D 200 Simplegirders.................................................................62 D 300 Complexgirdersystems..................................................62 B. StructuralArrangementandDetails................................79 D 400 Crossties.........................................................................62 B 100 Structuralcontinuity........................................................79 B 200 Connectionsbetweensteelandaluminium.....................79 E. SpecialRequirements.........................................................63 B 300 Miscellaneous..................................................................80 E 100 Barstem..........................................................................63 E 200 Trippingbrackets............................................................63 C. DesignLoads.......................................................................80 E 300 Strengtheningagainstbowimpact..................................63 C 100 Externalpressure.............................................................80 E 400 Strengtheningagainstliquidimpactpressureinlarger tanks................................................................................65 D. Scantlings.............................................................................80 E 500 Fatiguecontroloflongitudinals,mainframesand'tween D 100 Endbulkheadsofsuperstructuresanddeckhouses,and DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page5 exposedsidesindeckhouses...........................................80 J 200 Interpretations.................................................................97 D 200 Protectedcasings.............................................................80 D 300 Bulwarks.........................................................................80 K. Scuppers,InletsandDischarges.......................................97 D 400 Aluminiumdeckhouses...................................................81 K 100 Regulation22..................................................................97 K 200 Interpretations.................................................................98 E. ProtectionoftheCrew........................................................81 K 300 Discharges.......................................................................99 E 100 Regulation25..................................................................81 K 400 Scuppers..........................................................................99 E 200 Interpretations.................................................................81 K 500 Periodicallyunmannedmachineryspace........................99 SEC.11 OPENINGSANDCLOSING L. SideScuttles........................................................................99 APPLIANCES..................................................... 84 L 100 Regulation23..................................................................99 L 200 Interpretations...............................................................100 A. General.................................................................................84 L 300 Arrangement.................................................................100 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................84 L 400 Glassdimensions,sidescuttlesandwindows...............100 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................84 A 300 Documentation................................................................84 M.FreeingPorts.....................................................................100 A 400 Testing.............................................................................85 M 100 Regulation24................................................................100 M 200 Interpretations...............................................................101 B. AccessOpeningsinSuperstructuresand M 300 References.....................................................................101 FreeboardDeck...................................................................85 B 100 Doors...............................................................................85 N. SpecialRequirementsforTypeAShips........................101 B 200 Sillheights......................................................................85 N 100 Regulation26................................................................101 B 300 Accessopeningsinfreeboardand N 200 Interpretation.................................................................102 superstructuredecks........................................................85 SEC.12 WELDINGANDWELD C. SideandSternDoors..........................................................86 CONNECTIONS.............................................. 103 C 100 General............................................................................86 C 200 Structuralarrangement....................................................86 A. General..............................................................................103 C 300 Designloads....................................................................86 A 100 Introduction...................................................................103 C 400 Plating.............................................................................87 A 200 Definitions.....................................................................103 C 500 Stiffeners.........................................................................87 A 300 Weldingparticulars.......................................................103 C 600 Girders.............................................................................87 A 400 Radiographicexamination............................................103 C 700 Closingarrangement,general.........................................87 C 800 Closingarrangement,strength........................................88 B. TypesofWeldedJoints....................................................103 C 900 Closingarrangement,systemforoperationand B 100 Buttjoints......................................................................103 indication/monitoring......................................................88 B 200 Lapjointsandslotwelds...............................................103 B 300 Teeorcrossjoints.........................................................103 D. HatchwayCoamings...........................................................88 D 100 General............................................................................88 C. SizeofWeldConnections................................................104 D 200 Coamingheights.............................................................89 C 100 Continuousfilletwelds,general...................................104 D 300 Scantlings........................................................................89 C 200 Filletweldsandpenetrationweldssubjecttohightensile stresses..........................................................................105 E. HatchCovers.......................................................................89 C 300 Endconnectionsofgirders,pillarsandcrossties.........105 E 100 General............................................................................89 C 400 Endconnectionsofstiffeners........................................106 E 200 Designloads....................................................................90 C 500 Intermittentwelds.........................................................107 E 300 Plating.............................................................................91 C 600 Slotwelds......................................................................107 E 400 Stiffeners.........................................................................91 E 500 Girders.............................................................................92 SEC.13 DIRECTSTRENGTH E 600 Stiffnessofcoveredges..................................................92 CALCULATIONS ........................................... 108 E 700 Structuralanalysis...........................................................92 A. General..............................................................................108 F. HatchwayTightnessArrangementand A 100 Introduction...................................................................108 ClosingDevices....................................................................93 A 200 Application....................................................................108 F 100 General............................................................................93 A 300 Documentation..............................................................108 F 200 Designandtightnessrequirements.................................93 F 300 Securingdevicesingeneral.............................................93 B. CalculationMethods........................................................108 F 400 Securingarrangementforweathertighthatchcovers......94 B 100 General..........................................................................108 F 500 Securingarrangementfordeeptankorcargooiltank B 200 Computerprogram........................................................109 hatchcovers.....................................................................94 B 300 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................109 F 600 Securingarrangementforhatchcoverscarrying B 400 Acceptancecriteria........................................................109 deckcargo.......................................................................94 F 700 Drainagearrangement.....................................................95 C. GlobalAnalysis.................................................................111 C 100 General..........................................................................111 G. InternalDoorsandHatchesforWatertightIntegrity.....95 C 200 Loadingconditions........................................................111 G 100 General............................................................................95 C 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................111 G 200 Operation.........................................................................95 G 300 Strength...........................................................................95 D. CargoHoldorTankAnalysis.........................................111 D 100 General..........................................................................111 H. Ventilators............................................................................95 D 200 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................112 H 100 Regulation19..................................................................95 D 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................112 H 200 Thicknessofcoamings....................................................96 H 300 Arrangementandsupport................................................96 E. FrameandGirderAnalysis.............................................112 E 100 General..........................................................................112 I. TankAccess,UllageandVentilationOpenings................96 E 200 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................112 I 100 General............................................................................96 E 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................112 I 200 Hatchways.......................................................................96 I 300 AirPipes..........................................................................96 F. LocalStructureAnalysis.................................................112 F 100 General..........................................................................112 J. MachinerySpaceOpenings................................................97 F 200 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................112 J 100 Regulation17..................................................................97 F 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................112 DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page6 SEC.14 BUCKLINGCONTROL................................. 113 B 200 Finiteelementanalysis..................................................122 B 300 Fatiguestrengthassessment..........................................122 A. General..............................................................................113 A 100 Introduction...................................................................113 C. ClassNotationPLUS-1andPLUS-2...............................122 A 200 Definitions.....................................................................113 C 100 General..........................................................................122 C 200 Application....................................................................122 B. Plating................................................................................113 C 300 Documentation..............................................................122 B 100 General..........................................................................113 C 400 Requirementsforfatiguelife........................................123 B 200 Platepanelinuni-axialcompression............................113 B 300 Platepanelinshear.......................................................115 D. ClassNotationCOAT-1andCOAT-2..............................123 B 400 Platepanelinbi-axialcompression..............................116 D 100 General..........................................................................123 B 500 Platepanelinbi-axialcompressionandshear..............116 D 200 Application....................................................................123 D 300 Documentation..............................................................123 C. StiffenersandPillars........................................................116 D 400 Requirementsforcorrosionprevention.........................123 C 100 General..........................................................................116 D 500 Surveyandtesting........................................................124 C 200 Lateralbucklingmode..................................................116 C 300 Torsionalbucklingmode..............................................117 E. ClassNotationCSA-2.......................................................124 C 400 Webandflangebuckling..............................................118 E 100 General..........................................................................124 C 500 Transversebeamsandgirders.......................................118 E 200 Selectionofloadingconditions.....................................124 E 300 Waveloadanalysis........................................................124 SEC.15 STRUCTURESFORHIGHTEMPERATURE E 400 Finiteelementanalysis..................................................125 CARGO.............................................................. 119 E 500 Acceptancecriteria........................................................125 E 600 Hullgirdercapacity.......................................................126 A. General..............................................................................119 E 700 Fatiguestrengthassessment..........................................126 A 100 Introduction...................................................................119 A 200 Specialfeaturesnotations..............................................119 SEC.17 FATIGUECONTROL ................................... 127 A 300 Documentation..............................................................119 A 400 Surveyandtesting.........................................................119 A. General...............................................................................127 A 500 Signboards.....................................................................119 A 100 Introduction...................................................................127 B. MaterialsandMaterialProtection..................................119 A 200 Application....................................................................127 B 100 Hullandtankmaterial...................................................119 A 300 Loads.............................................................................127 B 200 Insulationmaterial.........................................................119 A 400 Designcriteria...............................................................127 B 300 Corrosionprotection.....................................................119 A 500 Calculationmethods......................................................127 C. ShipArrangement............................................................119 B. BasicRequirements..........................................................127 C 100 Locationandseparationofspaces................................119 B 100 Longitudinals................................................................127 C 200 Equipmentwithinthecargoarea..................................119 C 300 Surfacemetaltemperature............................................119 SEC.18 CORROSIONPREVENTION....................... 128 C 400 Cargoheatingmedia.....................................................119 A. General...............................................................................128 D. LoadConditions................................................................119 A 100 Definitions.....................................................................128 D 100 Fullandpartialcargoconditions...................................119 A 200 Documentation..............................................................128 D 200 Waterballastconditions................................................120 B. Corrosionpreventionsystems.........................................129 E. ScantlingsoftheCargoarea............................................120 B 100 General..........................................................................129 E 100 Constructionconsiderations..........................................120 B 200 Coatings........................................................................129 E 200 Thermalstressanalysis.................................................120 B 300 Cathodicprotection.......................................................130 E 300 Acceptablestresslevel..................................................120 E 400 Girders...........................................................................121 APP.A ELASTICBUCKLINGANDULTIMATE STRENGTH..................................................... 131 F. TypeofCargoes................................................................121 F 100 Listofcargoes...............................................................121 A. Introduction.......................................................................131 SEC.16 SPECIALREQUIREMENTS-ADDITIONAL A 100 Scopeanddescription...................................................131 CLASS................................................................ 122 B. CalculationProcedure......................................................131 A. General..............................................................................122 B 100 Estimationofultimatestress.........................................131 A 100 Objectives......................................................................122 B 200 Calculationofeffectivewidth.......................................131 A 200 Application....................................................................122 B 300 Ultimateloadofstiffenedpanels..................................131 B 400 Ultimatestrengthofsimplegirderswithstiffenedpanel B. ClassNotationNAUTICUS(Newbuilding)......................122 flange.............................................................................131 B 100 General..........................................................................122 B 500 Ultimatestrengthofcomplexgirders............................132 DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page7 SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A.Classification D = leastmouldeddepthtakenastheverticaldistanceinm F fromthetopofthekeeltothetopofthefreeboarddeck A100 Application beamatside. 101 Therulesinthischapterapplytosteelhullstructuresfor Inshipshavingroundedgunwales,themouldeddepth assignmentofthemainclassforshipswithlength100metres shall be measured to the point of intersection of the andabove. moulded lines of the deck and side shell plating, the linesextending asthough thegunwalewasofangular 102 Therulesalsoapplytoaluminiumstructuresandwood- design. endeckstotheextentthatthesematerialsareacceptableasal- Wherethefreeboarddeckissteppedandtheraisedpart ternativematerials. ofthedeckextendsoverthepointatwhichthemould- eddepthistobedetermined, themouldeddepthshall A200 Classnotations be measured to alineofreferenceextendingfromthe 201 Theclassnotationsapplicablefortheassignmentofthe lower part of the deck along a line parallel with the mainclassaredescribedinPt.1Ch.1. raisedpart. T = meanmouldedsummerdraughtinm. 202 Thefollowingspecialfeaturesnotationsarespecifiedin thischapter: ∆ = mouldeddisplacementintinsaltwater(density1,025 3 t/m )ondraughtT. DAT(-x°C) lowestdesignambienttemperature(Sec.2B401) CB = blockcoefficient, ICM increasedcorrosionmargin(Sec.2D300) ∆ = ----------------------------- HL(ρ) tanksforheavyliquid(Sec.4C301) 1,025LBT DK(+) decksforheavycargo(Sec.4C401) For barge rigidly connected to a push-tug C is to be HA(+) hatchesforheavycargo(Sec.4C401) B calculatedforthecombinationbarge/push-tug. IB(+) innerbottomstrengthenedforgrabloadingand C = block coefficient as defined in the International Con- discharging(Sec.6H300) BF ventionofLoadLines: ∇ = -------------------- L BT B.Definitions F F ∇ = volumeofthemouldeddisplacement,excludingboss- ings,takenatthemouldeddraughtT . B100 Symbols F T = 85%oftheleastmouldeddepth. F 101 Thefollowingsymbolsareused: V = maximumservicespeedinknots,definedasthegreat- est speed which the ship is designed to maintain in L = length of the ship in m defined as the distance on the serviceatherdeepestseagoingdraught. summerload waterline from the fore side ofthe stem g = standardaccelerationofgravity. totheaxisoftherudderstock. 0 2 = 9,81m/s Lisnottobetaken lessthan96%,andneednottobe f = material factor depending on material strength group. 1 taken greater than 97%, of the extreme length on the SeeSec.2. summer load waterline. For ships with unusual stern t = corrosion addition as given in Sec.2 D200 and D300, k and bow arrangement, the length L will be especially asrelevant considered. x = axisintheship'slongitudinaldirection. F.P. = the forward perpendicular is the perpendicular at the y = axisintheship'sathwartshipsdirection. intersectionofthesummerloadwaterlinewiththefore z = axisintheship'sverticaldirection. sideofthestem.Forshipswithunusualbowarrange- E = modulusofelasticityofthematerial, mentsthepositionoftheF.P.willbeespeciallyconsid- = 2,06·105N/mm2forsteel ered. = 0,69·105N/mm2foraluminiumalloy. A.P.= theafterperpendicularistheperpendicularattheafter C = waveloadcoefficientgiveninSec.4B200. endofthelengthL. W L = length ofthe ship asdefined in the InternationalCon- Amidships=themiddleofthelengthL. F ventionofLoadLines: B200 Terms The length shall be taken as 96 per cent of the total lengthonawaterlineat85percentoftheleastmould- 201 Linear and angular motions of the ship are defined as ed depth measured from the top of the keel, or as the follows: lengthfromtheforesideofthestemtotheaxisofthe rudder stock on that waterline, if that be greater. In — surgeisthelinearmotionalongthex-axis ships designed with a rake of keel the waterline on — swayisthelinearmotionalongthey-axis which this length is measured shall be parallel to the — heaveisthelinearmotionalongthez-axis designedwaterline. — rollistheangularmotionaboutthex-axis B = greatest moulded breadth in m, measured at the sum- — pitchistheangularmotionaboutthey-axis merwaterline. — yawistheangularmotionaboutthez-axis. D = moulded depth defined as the vertical distance in m from baseline to moulded deckline at the uppermost 202 Mouldeddeckline,Roundedsheerstrake,Sheerstrake, continuousdeckmeasuredamidships. andStringerplate areasdefinedinFig.1. DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page8 209 Deckstructureisdefinedasdeckplatingwithstiffeners, girdersandsupportingpillars. 210 Bulkhead structure isdefined astransverse or longitu- dinalbulkheadplatingwithstiffenersandgirders. Watertight bulkhead is a collective term for transverse bulk- headsrequiredaccordingtoSec.3A. Cargoholdbulkheadisaboundarybulkheadforcargohold. Tankbulkheadisaboundarybulkheadintankforliquidcargo, ballastorbunker. Washbulkheadisaperforatedorpartialbulkheadintank. 211 Forepeakandafterpeakaredefinedastheareasforward of collision bulkhead and aft of after peak bulkhead, respec- tively,uptotheheightsdefinedinSec.3A500. Fig.1 212 Superstructure Deckcorners a) A superstructure is a decked structure on the freeboard deck, extending from side to side of the ship or with the 203 The freeboardassigned is the distance measured verti- side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more cally downwards amidships from the upper edge of the deck than4percentofthebreadth(B).Araisedquarterdeckis linetotheupperedgeoftherelatedloadline. regardedasasuperstructure. 204 Thefreeboarddeckisnormallytheuppermostcomplete b) Anenclosedsuperstructureisasuperstructurewith: deckexposedtoweatherandsea,whichhaspermanentmeans ofclosing allopeningsinthe weatherpartthereof,andbelow i) enclosingbulkheadsofefficientconstruction, which allopeningsin thesidesoftheshiparefittedwithper- ii) accessopenings,ifany,inthesebulkheadsfittedwith manentmeansofwatertightclosing.Inashiphavingadiscon- doors complying with the requirements of Sec.11 tinuousfreeboarddeck,thelowestlineoftheexposeddeckand B101, the continuation of that line parallel to the upper part of the deckistakenasthefreeboarddeck.Attheoptionoftheowner iii) all other openings in sides or ends of the superstruc- andsubjecttotheapprovaloftheAdministration,alowerdeck ture fitted with efficient weathertight means of clos- maybedesignatedasthefreeboarddeckprovideditisacom- ing. pleteandpermanentdeckcontinuousinaforeandaftdirection atleastbetweenthemachinery spaceandpeakbulkheadsand Abridgeorpoopshallnotberegardedasenclosedunless access is provided for the crew to reach machinery and continuousathwartships.When thislowerdeckissteppedthe otherworkingspacesinsidethesesuperstructuresbyalter- lowestlineofthedeckandthecontinuationofthatlineparallel native means which are available at all times when bulk- to the upper part of the deck is taken as the freeboard deck. headopeningsareclosed. When a lower deck is designated as the freeboard deck, that part of the hull which extends above the freeboard deck is c) The height of a superstructure is the least vertical height treatedasasuperstructuresofarasconcernstheapplicationof measured at side from the top of the superstructure deck theconditionsofassignmentandthecalculationoffreeboard. beamstothetopofthefreeboarddeckbeams. Itisfromthisdeckthatthefreeboardiscalculated. d) Thelengthofasuperstructure(S)isthemeanlengthofthe 205 Strength deck is in general defined as the uppermost partofthesuperstructurewhichlieswithinthelength(L). continuous deck. A superstructure deck which within 0,4 L e) A long forward superstructure is defined as an enclosed amidshipshasacontinuouslengthequaltoorgreaterthan forward superstructure with length S equal to or greater (cid:3) (cid:4) than0,25L. 3(cid:1)B----+H(cid:2) (m) 2 213 Aflushdeckshipisonewhichhasnosuperstructureon thefreeboarddeck. is to be regarded as the strength deck instead of the covered 214 Girderisacollectivetermforprimarysupportingmem- partoftheuppermostcontinuousdeck. bers.TankgirderswithspecialnamesareshowninFig.2. H = height in m between the uppermost continuous deck Othertermsusedare: andthesuperstructuredeckinquestion. — floor(abottomtransversegirder) Anotherdeckmaybedefinedasthestrengthdeckafterspecial — stringer(ahorizontalgirder). considerationofitseffectiveness. 215 Stiffenerisacollectivetermforasecondarysupporting 206 Doublebottomstructureisdefinedasshellplatingwith member.Othertermsusedare: stiffenersbelowthetopoftheinnerbottomandotherelements belowand includingtheinnerbottomplating.Notethat slop- — frame inghoppertanktopsideistoberegardedaslongitudinalbulk- — bottomlongitudinal head. — innerbottomlongitudinal 207 Single bottom structure is defined as shell plating with — reversedframe(innerbottomtransversestiffener) stiffenersandgirdersbelowtheupperturnofbilge. — sidelongitudinal 208 Sidestructure is defined asshell plating with stiffeners — beam and girders between the bottom structure and the uppermost — decklongitudinal deckatside. — bulkheadlongitudinal. DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page9 (pquantileofX=UpperpquantileofX =Lower(1–p)quantileofX) Fig.3 Probabilitydensityfunction Fig.2 Tankgirders C.Documentation C100 Plansandparticulars 216 Probability density function f(x). The probability that a 101 Thefollowingplansarenormallytobesubmittedforap- realisationofacontinuousrandomvariablexfallsintheinter- proval: val(x,x+dx)isf(x)dx.f(x)isthederivativeofthecumulative probabilityfunctionF(x). — midship section including main particulars (L, B, D, T, C ),maximumservicespeedV 217 CumulativeprobabilityF(x)isdefinedas: B — deckanddoublebottomplansincludingopenings (cid:1) — longitudinalsection x — shell expansion and framing including openings and ex- F(x) = f(x)dx tentofflatpartofbottomforward –∞ — watertightbulkheadsincludingopenings 218 ExceedanceprobabilityQ(x)isdefinedas: — cargotankstructures — deeptankstructures — engine room structures including tanks and foundations Q(x)=1–F(x) forheavymachinerycomponents — afterpeakstructures 219 Probability of exceedance, or exceedance probability — forepeakstructures maybeillustratedbythefollowingexample:xistobetakenat — superstructuresanddeckhousesincludingopenings, aprobabilityofexceedanceofq,meansthatthevariable,x,is — hatchways,hatchcovers,doorsintheship'ssidesandends tobetakenasthevalue,x ,definedastheupperqquantilein q — supporting structures for containers and container secur- thelongtermdistributionofx. ingequipment 220 Quantile.Thepquantilemaybedefinedasthevalue,x , — arrangementofcathodicprotection. p ofarandomvariablex,whichcorrespondtoafractionpofthe Identicalorsimilarstructuresinvariouspositionsshouldpref- outcomesofthevariable. erablybecoveredbythesameplan. (cid:1) x 102 Plans and particulars for closing appliances (doors, F(x ) = p f(x)dx = p hatches,windowsetc.)tobesubmittedforapprovalarespeci- p –∞ fiedinSec.11A300. 103 Loading guidance information (loading manual and I.e.x isthepquantileofthevariablex.Onemaydenotex as loadingcomputersystem)istobeapprovedandcertifiedinac- p p the lower p quantile of x, or alternatively as the upper 1– p cordancewithSec.5F. quantileofx. 104 Thefollowingplansaretobesubmittedforinformation: B300 Shiptypes — generalarrangement — engineroomarrangement 301 A passenger ship is a ship which carries more than 12 — tankarrangement passengers. — capacityplan 302 Acargoshipisanyshipwhichisnotapassengership. — bodyplan,hydrostaticcurvesortables. 303 A tanker is a cargo ship constructed or adapted forthe 105 For instrumentation and automation, including compu- carriageinbulkofliquidcargoes. terbasedcontrolandmonitoring,seePt.4Ch.9Sec.1. DETNORSKEVERITAS RulesforShips,January2001 Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page10 C200 Specificationsandcalculations Protective coating is a final coating protecting the structure fromcorrosion. 201 Alllongitudinalstrengthcalculationsaretobesubmitted withrelevantinformation: Watertight means capable ofpreventing the passage ofwater throughthestructureunderaheadofwaterforwhichthesur- — maximumstillwaterbendingmomentsandshearforcesas roundingstructureisdesigned. definedinSec.5B102 — stillwaterbendingmomentlimits Weathertight means that in any sea conditions waterwill not — massoflightshipanditslongitudinaldistribution penetrateintotheship. — buoyancydata — cargocapacityint D200 Generalrequirements — cargo, ballast and bunker distribution, including maxi- 201 Structural testing may be carried out after a protective mummassofcargo(t)ineachcompartment. coatinghasbeenapplied,providedaleaktestiscarriedoutbe- foreapplicationoftheprotectivecoating.Allpipeconnections 202 Information which may be necessary for local strength totanksaretobefittedbeforestructuraltesting. calculations: Whenstructuraltestingatthe buildingberth isundesirableor — minimum and maximum ballast draught and correspond- impossible, structural testing afloat may be accepted. The ingtrim structuraltestingistobecarriedoutbyfillingeachtanksepa- — loadondeck,hatchcoversandinnerbottom rately tothetesthead.Examinationofbottomand lowerside — stowagerateandangleofreposeofdrybulkcargo structuresistobemadeinemptytanksatthemaximumprac- — maximumdensityofintendedtankcontents ticalattainabledraught. — heightofairpipes — massofheavymachinerycomponents 202 Leak testing is to be carried out prior to the protective — designforcesforsecuringdevicesonhatchcoversandex- coating being applied to the welds. Shop primer may be ap- ternaldoors pliedtowelds. — designforcesforcargosecuringandcontainersupports Anefficientindicatingliquidistobeapplied,whenairisused — any other local loads or forces which will affect the hull asthetestmedium.Theairpressureistobeatamaximumof structure. 20kN/m²andistobereducedtoasmallervaluebeforeinspec- tion.Inaddition to aneffectivemeansofreading theairpres- 203 Specificationsforcorrosionpreventionsystemsforwa- sure,asafetyvalve,orareliableequivalentalternative,istobe terballasttanks,comprisingselection,applicationandmainte- connectedtothecompartmentbeingtested. nance,aretobesubmittedforasdefinedinSec.18. Guidancenote: C300 Specificpurposedocumentation Silicatebasedshopprimermaybeappliedtoweldsbeforeleak 301 Forhullequipmentandappendages,seeCh.3. testing.The layer oftheprimer is tobe maximum 50microns. Otherprimersofuncertainchemicalcompositionaretobemax- 302 Foradditionalclassnotations,seePt.5andPt.6. imum30microns. 303 Forinstallationsforwhichnonotationisavailableorre- quested, all relevant information or documentation affecting ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- hullstructuresorshipsafetyistobesubmitted. 203 For hose testing, the hose pressure is to be at least 200 kN/m2andappliedatamaximumdistanceof1.5m.Thenoz- zleinsidediameteristobeatleast12.0mm. D.Structural andTightness Testing D300 Specificrequirementsforextentandtypeoftest- D100 Definitions ing 101 ThefollowingtermsareusedinD: 301 The requirements in 302 and 303 give conditions for testingfor: Structural testing is a hydrostatic test, carried out in order to demonstrate the tightness of the tanks and the structural ade- — gravitytanksincludedindependenttanksof5m3ormore quacy of the design. Where practical limitations prevail and incapacity hydrostatictestingisnotfeasible,hydropneumatictestingmay — watertightorweathertightstructures. becarriedoutinstead. Leaktestingisanairorothermediumtest,carriedoutinorder 302 Leaktestingistobecarriedoutonallweldconnections todemonstratethetightnessofthestructure. on tank boundaries, pipe penetrations and erection welds on Hydropneumatictestingisacombinationofhydrostaticandair tank boundaries except welds made by automatic processes. Selected locations of automatic erection welds and pre-erec- testing,carriedoutinordertodemonstratethetightnessofthe tanksandthestructuraladequacyofthedesign. tionmanualorautomaticweldsmayberequiredtobesimilarly tested at the discretion of the surveyor taking account of the Hosetestingisawatertestcarriedouttodemonstratetightness qualitycontrolproceduresoperatingintheshipyard. ofstructuralitems. 303 ExtentoftestingisgiveninTableD1. Shopprimerisathincoatingappliedaftersurfacepreparation andpriortofabricationasaprotectionagainstcorrosionduring ForTankerforLiquefiedGas,additionalrequirementsare fabrication. giveninPt.5Ch.5. DETNORSKEVERITAS