E Y E W I T N E S S ISLAM US_001_ew_islam.indd 1 18/01/18 5:01 pm E Y E W I T N E S S 7th-century coin, minted when the Umayyad dynasty ruled from Damascus, Syria A poetry reading Written by Philip Wilkinson Editorial Consultant Batul Salazar Water jug presented to Charlemagne by Arabic quadrant, for 8th-century caliph, Harun al-Rashid measuring the height of Mosque finial stars, with instructions of Selimiye Mosque, Turkey Lute decorated with traditional Islamic patterns Star lantern Map of the world by Moroccan-born writer and geographer, al-Idrisi (1099– 1180) Guidebook to the hajj (the pilgrimage) US_002-003_ew_islam.indd 2 18/01/18 5:01 pm E Y E W I T N E S S ISLAM Written by Philip Wilkinson Editorial Consultant Batul Salazar The Qutb Minar, Delhi, India Bedouin wearing traditional costume Prayer beads Ubudiah Mosque, Malaysia Gold bracelet 13th-century book illustration of Islamic star-shaped Ramadan procession decorative tile US_002-003_ew_islam.indd 3 18/01/18 5:01 pm Third Edition DK Delhi Project editor Janashree Singha Art editor Revati Anand Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal DTP designers Pawan Kumar, Rakesh Kumar Jacket designer Tanya Mehrotra Two of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, A book rest Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma Companions of the Prophet supporting a copy Managing jackets editor Saloni Singh of the Quran Pre-production manager Balwant Singh Production manager Pankaj Sharma Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing art editor Govind Mittal DK London Senior editors Ann Baggaley, Camilla Hallinan US editor Megan Douglass US executive editor Lori Cates Hand Senior art editor Spencer Holbrook Jacket designer Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi Jacket editor Claire Gell Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT Producer, pre-production Jennifer Murray Senior producer Angela Graef Managing editor Francesca Baines Managing art editor Philip Letsu Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Art director Karen Self Design director Phil Ormerod Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf 10th-century Arabic copy of 16th-century painting of Consultant Andrew Humphreys an herbal encyclopedia by the Muslim astronomers First Edition Greek surgeon Dioscorides Project editor Kitty Blount Art editor Clair Watson Editor Francesca Baines Production Kate Oliver Special photography Steve Teague Picture research Angela Anderson, Alex Pepper, Deborah Pownall, and Sarah Pownall DTP designer Siu Yin Ho Jacket designer Dean Price This Eyewitness ® Guide has been conceived by Dorling Kindersley Limited and Editions Gallimard This American edition, 2018 First American edition, 2002 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2002, 2005, 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited Bronze bird from Persia Coffee pot DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 18 19 20 21 22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Saudi Arabian 001–310004–June/2018 woman wearing All rights reserved. a face veil Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4654-7407-0 (PLC) ISBN: 978-1-4654-7408-7 (ALB) Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW A caravan of pilgrims, including a camel www.dk.com carrying a pavilion called a mahmal 4 US_004-005_ew_islam.indd 4 18/01/18 7:44 pm Contents Early Arabia 6 The Prophet Muhammad 8 The Quran 10 The Five Pillars of Islam 12 The mosque 18 Mamluk mosque lamp The caliphate 20 First conquests 22 Central Asia, Iran, Scholars and teachers 24 and India 52 Spreading ideas 28 The Far East 54 On the move 32 Costume and jewelry 56 Islamic culture 34 Islamic society 58 The Islamic city 36 Festivals 60 Trade and travel 38 Did you know? 64 The Crusades 42 Find out more 66 Arms and armor 44 Glossary 68 Spain 46 The Alhambra Palace 70 Africa 48 Index and Mongols and Turks 50 acknowledgments 72 5 US_004-005_ew_islam.indd 5 29/01/18 5:35 pm Early Arabia The Arabian Peninsula was home to advanced cultures long before the birth of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, in the 6th century. Arabia’s position at a crossroads between South Arabic inscription The kings of Saba (biblical Sheba) ruled Asia, Africa, and Europe enriched her southern Arabia between the 8th and 2nd centuries bce. Archaeologists have found many traders. Most Arab tribes worshipped inscriptions in the Sabaeans’ angular script, their own idols, while Christians and which passed out of use after they lost power. Jews worshipped one God. The Prophet offered the word Date harvest of the One God in Settlements grew up at small oases across the the Quran, in their Arabian Peninsula. Here there was a reliable own language, and water supply and date a new religion palms grew, providing a succulent harvest for called Islam. the local people. Desert dunes Much of Arabia is harsh desert, vast expanses of either sand or rock. The name Arab means “desert nomad”—many Arabs adopted a nomadic way of life, roaming with their flocks in order to find water and survive. Palmyra Dramatic rocks The city of Palmyra in the Syrian This startling rock formation rises desert was an oasis where from the stony desert of Jiddat key trade routes met. Its art and al-Harasis, in Oman. The most fertile architecture combined both Greek part of Arabia is Yemen, which gets and Roman styles, as seen in this monsoon rains from the Indian Ocean. figure of a woman, and local traditions. 6 US_006-007_ew_islam.indd 6 18/01/18 5:01 pm The Arab world The Arabian Peninsula lies Danube ASeraal between the Red Sea and the E U R O P E A S I A Persian Gulf. Arab peoples built Black Sea C towns in the fertile area of Yemen, GREECE PergaCmonusmtantinople CaucKaursa us aspian (Amu DOaxruyas) Bukhara Samarkand anto rotahseeass, ta, nthde o Sna tshaen cido aEsmtsp. iTreo othf e Athens the Persians occupied Iran. To the ANATOLIA S BYZANTINE EMPIRE Aras ea Merv northwest lay the Christian MediEteGrArleYaxanPnedTraiNiale n SCyTepaHrraeusAlus iyoslpBaoehliirsuPtPMaJeleumtrE'rutydaasrDAehaasanAlsmetliaemoaDpScsphceEyouupMrshsEraSieteOsa PrOnTtAMIALTiVgraisa kneCtHeisrLUiaparmkheoiSanusSaZAapgAroolosS g oM sAounNtaPIiIrnlDsaa nt eiEaanuMNisPhaIpuRr E Darya-yHei eHlmnand duB aKlkuhs h BAlytzaar nfotirn beu Ernminpgir fer.ankincense Tropic oBf CYanEZcerMA PNITRIENE Thebes HEJTabuTakKyYhmaatahybriabrDNeasfeurdt PBerAsHiaRnA SGINiuralff Hormuz Tropic of Cancer A Nile Z OMAN A r a b i a n Jedda Mecca A Re Taif P e n i n sAur l- Rau b a l- K h ali Arabi an Precious perfume d Sea Frankincense was one of Nile S Arabia’s most prized and widely F Meroë Atbara ea Y Marib 500 km tcrraisdsecdr opsrsoeddu ctthse. Tpreandine sruoluat easn d E R Adulis M 500 miles many of its early cities, such as Sennar Aksum E Zafar the Nabatean town of Petra (in IC Blue Nile N GAduelnf of A d e n Socotra mthoed reorand sJ.ordan), grew up along White Nile ABYSSINIA Horn of INDIAN OCEAN A Africa The Arab world at the time of the birth of the Prophet Muhammad in 570 Walls at Marib Marib, in Yemen, was the capital city of the Sabaeans, and some of its ancient walls survive. Marib was built on a trade route and grew into a large, thriving city, with a palace (home of the Queen of Sheba) and many houses. There was also a famous dam, an amazing feat of engineering for the 7th century bce. 7 US_006-007_ew_islam.indd 7 18/01/18 5:01 pm The Prophet Muhammad Muhammad was born in 570 in the city of Mecca (in what is now Saudi Arabia). His mission as Prophet of Islam began in 610, when the Quran was first revealed to him. His teachings about the one God upset people in Mecca who worshipped many idols, so he eventually moved to the city of Medina, which became the center of a great Islamic civilization. Archangel Gabriel The Quran was revealed to Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel, the angel of revelation. On an occasion known as the Night of Destiny, the revelation began. Then the Quran was communicated in small parts over a number of years. Many names Tradition gives the Prophet 200 names, including Habib Allah (Beloved of God) and Miftah al-Jannah (Key of Paradise). Usually when Muslims refer The life of a trader to Muhammad, they As a young man, Muhammad became a merchant and worked add the phrase alayhi for a wealthy widow called Khadija. He traveled with camel as-salam (peace be caravans along the trading routes that crisscrossed Arabia and upon him). linked the peninsula with the Mediterranean and the Indian The word “Muhammad” written in calligraphy Ocean. Khadija was impressed with Muhammad, and, although she was considerably older than him, the two married. Jabal al-Nur Every year, during the month of Ramadan, The Prophet Muhammad retired to Jabal al-Nur (the The Prophet of Islam, Mountain of Light) a few miles from Muhammad is seen by Mecca to pray, fast, and give to the Muslims as the last of poor. It was here that the a series of prophets, Prophet received the first including Abraham, revelation of the Quran. Moses, and Jesus, all of whom were mortal. The name “Muhammad” in stylized form Mountain retreat At the top of Jabal al-Nur, Muhammad stayed in a cave called Hira. The cave was quite small, but it faced toward Mecca and had enough space for Muhammad to pray. One of his daughters brought him food so that he could stay in the cave for the whole month of Ramadan. US_008-009_ew_islam.indd 8 15/01/18 3:39 pm