Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament · 2.Reihe Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie (Marburg) Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago,IL) 297 Jason Maston Divine and Human Agency in Second Temple Judaism and Paul A Comparative Study Mohr Siebeck Jason Maston,born 1978;2010 PhD from Durham University (England);tutor of New Testament at Highland Theological College UHI in Dingwall,Scotland. e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-151640-5 ISBN 978-3-16-150570-6 ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament,2.Reihe) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio- graphie;detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2010 by Mohr Siebeck,Tübingen,Germany. This book may not be reproduced,in whole or in part,in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission.This applies particularly to reproductions,translations,microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Nehren on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany. Preface This study is a slightly revised version of my PhD thesis accepted by Durham University in 2009. I thank, first, Prof Dr Jörg Frey and Prof Dr Friedrich Ave- marie for recommending the study for acceptance into this series. The editorial staff at Mohr Siebeck led by Dr Henning Ziebritzki have been very efficient and helpful throughout the publication process. Ted Yoder of TSY Music saved me many hours of work by typesetting the book. Several persons have contributed to the completion of this study. Profes- sors John Barclay, J. Louis Martyn, and George H. van Kooten kindly shared pre-published material. Professor Barclay and Dr Simon Gathercole examined the thesis and pressed me for more precision at points. I would like to thank Dr Andrew Clarke for the opportunity to participate in the New Testament depart- ment at Aberdeen. Professor Francis Watson guided the research with patience and grace at ev- ery stage. From our first conversation until our last, he always encouraged me and showed real interest in my ideas and conclusions. This study and my de- velopment as a scholar owe more to our conversations than this word of thanks can convey. My fellow PhD companions made this journey more enjoyable. Drs Preston Sprinkle and Kyle Wells offered advice on several points. Two in particular gave more than I could have expected. Dr Ben Blackwell kindly opened his home to me during my trips to Durham. Dr Jonathan Worthington, a participate with me in the Durham Diaspora, was always willing to listen to my rambling thoughts and graciously gave his time to read the thesis. Obviously, none of these are responsible for any remaining errors. Above all, my wife Erin, deserves the most thanks, and I dedicate this study to her. You have sacrificed much in the pursuit of my dreams. Thank you for being a model of grace and love. You have created the perfect home for our children. Your reward will be great in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ. Jason Maston August 2010 Table of Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................V Introduction ...................................................................................................1 A. Divine and Human Agency in Recent Discussion ................................1 B. The Jewish Schools, Human Action, and Fate ....................................10 C. The Argument of This Study ...............................................................18 Chapter 1: Obedience and the Law of Life in Sirach .......................22 A. Identifying the Alternative Theologies ...............................................22 B. The Establishment of the Human Agent .............................................26 1. Life through Torah Observance ....................................................30 a. Wisdom and Torah in Sirach ....................................................31 b. The Creator, His Commandments, and Human Obedience .....34 c. Obedience, Fear of God and Faith ...........................................48 d. Atonement and Sin ...................................................................53 e. Summary ..................................................................................57 2. The Human Ability to Obey .........................................................58 a. Wisdom as the Result of Endurance ........................................59 b. Freedom and Providence ..........................................................64 C. Judgment as the Re-Action of God .....................................................66 1. Patience and Mercy .......................................................................67 2. The Criterion of Divine Judgment ................................................69 3. Summary .......................................................................................73 D. Conclusion ..........................................................................................73 Chapter 2: God’s Gracious Acts of Deliverance in the Hodayot .......................................................................75 A. Background Issues ..............................................................................75 VIII Table of Contents B. Divine Saving Acts and Human Obedience ........................................80 1. The Creaturely Limitations of Humanity ......................................81 a. The Material Weakness of Humanity .......................................83 b. The Moral Weakness of Humanity ..........................................87 c. The Problem of Being a Creature .............................................88 d. Summary ..................................................................................94 2. Divine Action as the Basis for Human Action ..............................94 a. Predestination ...........................................................................97 b. The Gift of Knowledge ..........................................................113 c. Purification from Sin ..............................................................117 d. The Hodayot as Covenantal Nomism? ...................................119 e. Summary ................................................................................121 C. Conclusion ........................................................................................122 Chapter 3: Sin, the Spirit, and Human Obedience in Romans 7–8 .....................................................................124 A. Paul’s Critique of the Two-Ways Theology (7.7–25) ......................127 1 The Death of the ἐγώ ..................................................................133 a. The Law and Life ...................................................................133 b. Moral Optimism .....................................................................136 2. Sin’s Takeover of Human Capacity ............................................140 a. The Concept of Sin .................................................................141 b. Sin’s Destructive Reign ..........................................................144 3. Conclusion ..................................................................................152 B. Obedience Accomplished Through the Spirit (8.1–13) ....................153 1. The Christological Modification .................................................154 2. The Establishment of Human Ability .........................................158 C. Conclusion ........................................................................................170 Conclusion .................................................................................................175 Bibliography .................................................................................................181 Index of Ancient Sources ..............................................................................199 Index of Modern Authors ..............................................................................213 Index of Subjects ...........................................................................................217 Introduction A. Divine and Human Agency in Recent Discussion With the publication of Paul and Palestinian Judaism in 1977, Sanders began what has been described as a “Copernican revolution.”1 Prior to this work, NT scholars generally portrayed Judaism as crass legalism. Each individual at- tempted to meticulously keep the law, and each lived in perpetual fear of falling short at the Judgment by a mere one evil deed. Those who did manage to keep the law more often than not boasted egotistically before God. They demanded that God honour them, for they had successfully kept the law. Rejecting this Judaism as a false religion, NT scholars found in Paul true religion, and they read Paul as an opponent of this version of Judaism. The apostle of Christ came triumphantly to man’s rescue with his proclamation of righteousness by faith alone. He showed that salvation was wholly the work of God. Here the apostle and his former religion are set in the sharpest contrast, and the dividing issue is the divine-human relationship. On whom does salvation depend – God or man? This version of Judaism and Paul is what Sanders found in the scholarship prior to his volume.2 Against this view of Judaism and the apostle’s relationship to it, Sanders argued that Judaism was not “works-righteous legalism.” He proposed instead “covenantal nomism” as the pattern of religion for Judaism.3 Salvation was by God’s grace, not human deeds. God graciously chose Israel as his people, gave to them the covenant, and this act determined that “all Israelites have a share in the world to come” (Sanh. 10.1 [Danby]). Obedience became, then, not the way into salvation, but the means to maintaining salvation. It was the response of any faithful covenant member. Obedience to the law belongs within the cov- enant relationship and was never far from God’s grace. In Sanders’ own words, “[C]ovenantal nomism is the view that one’s place in God’s plan is established on the basis of the covenant and that the covenant requires as the proper re- sponse of man his obedience to its commandments, while providing means of atonement for transgression” (75; cf. 236; 422). 1 Hagner, “Paul and Judaism,” 75. 2 Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism, 33–59. Parenthetical references in the following are to Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism. 3 In addition to Sanders’ Paul and Palestinian Judaism, see also his “Covenant” and Juda- ism, 262–78. Sanders’ view of Judaism was not new, as he notes (Paul and Palestinian Juda- ism, 4–7) with reference to Montefiore (Judaism and St. Paul), Schechter (Aspects of Rabbinic Theology), Moore (Judaism) and Davies (Paul and Rabbinic Judaism).