Divination and Prophecy in the Ancient Greek World This volume examines the phenomena of ancient Greek prophecy and divination. With contributions from a cast of distinguished, inter- national scholars, it offers fresh perspectives and interpretations of key aspects of these practices. Considering issues such as comparati- vism, ethnography, cognitive function, orality, and intertextuality, the volumedemonstratestheirrelevancetotheelucidationofGreekproph- eticpractices.Thevolumealsoshowshowmulti-andinterdisciplinary approachescanbeappliedtoarangeoftopics,fromanexaminationof the very inception of Greek divination, explored within the frame of morearchaiccultideas,throughemicelaborationofdivinatorypractice intheArchaicandClassicalperiods,totheconsiderationofintentional manipulation of prophecy, as depicted in Hellenistic and Imperial Roman sources. Collectively, the essays deepen our understanding of ancient Greek prophecy by offering insights into divinition as téhkne¯, thecentrality ormarginalityof Delphi andthe Pythicpriestess, proph- eticambiguity,andcognition,includingcognitivedissonance. Roger Woodard is Andrew van Vranken Raymond Professor of Classics at the University at Buffalo (The State University of New York). He has held fellowships and visiting appointments at, among other institutions, the Center for Hellenic Studies of Harvard University, the American Academy in Rome, and the University of Oxford.Woodardistheauthororeditorofnumerousbooks,including TheTextualizationoftheGreekAlphabet(CambridgeUniversityPress, 2014), Myth, Ritual, and the Warrior in Roman and Indo-European Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2013), and The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology (Cambridge University Press, 2007). He is the series editor of Cambridge’s Elements of Greek and Roman Mythology. blih d li b C bid i i blih d li b C bid i i Divination and Prophecy in the Ancient Greek World Edited by ROGER D. WOODARD UniversityatBuffalo(TheStateUniversityofNewYork) blih d li b C bid i i ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridgecb28ea,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781009221610 doi:10.1017/9781009221597 ©CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment2023 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment. Firstpublished2023 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Woodard,RogerD.,editor. title:DivinationandprophecyintheancientGreekworld/editedby RogerD.Woodard,SUNYBuffalo. description:Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2023.|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. identifiers:lccn2022036167(print)|lccn2022036168(ebook)| isbn9781009221610(hardback)|isbn9781009221603(paperback)| isbn9781009221597(epub) subjects:lcsh:Divination–Greece–History–To1500.|Greece–Religiouslifeand customs.|BISAC:HISTORY/Ancient/General classification:lccbf1765.d5882023 (print)|lccbf1765 (ebook)| ddc133.30938–dc23/eng/20220906 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022036167 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022036168 isbn978-1-009-22161-0Hardback CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateor appropriate. blih d li b C bid i i Contents List of Contributors pagevii Acknowledgments viii List of Abbreviations ix GeneralIntroduction 1 JohnJ.Peradotto 1 Greek Divination asthe Transformation of an Indo-European Process 13 RogerD.Woodard 2 On Divinatory Practicesand laraison dessignes in ClassicalGreece 50 ClaudeCalame 3 Oracleand Client 67 RobertParker 4 Oracular Failure in Ancient Greek Culture 93 EstherEidinow 5 The Dynamism of Mouvance in thePronouncements of the DelphicOracle 116 GregoryNagy 6 Decentralising Delphi: PredictiveOracles, LocalKnowledge and Social Memory 139 MaurizioGiangiulio 7 Oracular TalesbeforeHistoriography 169 NinoLuraghi v blih d li b C bid i i vi Contents 8 Omens and PortentsForetelling Victory and Defeat: Ontological, Literary, and Cognitive Perspectives 192 MichaelA.Flower 9 The Use of Divination by MacedonianKings 219 F.S.Naiden 10 False Prophetsand Fake Prophecies inLucian 240 DanaFields 11 Afterword 261 RogerD.Woodard Bibliography 282 Index 313 blih d li b C bid i i Contributors ClaudeCalame École des HautesÉtudesen Sciences Sociales, Paris Esther Eidinow Universityof Bristol, UK Dana Fields Independent scholar MichaelA. Flower Princeton University, USA MaurizioGiangiulio Universityof Trento (I), Italy Nino Luraghi New College Oxford, UK GregoryNagy HarvardUniversity, USA F. S.Naiden Universityof North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA RobertParker Universityof Oxford, UK John J.Peradotto Universityat Buffalo, USA Roger D. Woodard Universityat Buffalo, USA vii blih d li b C bid i i Acknowledgments The inspiration for and evolutionary beginnings of this volume can be locatedinasmallsymposiumonancientGreekdivinationandprophecy, anintimateinternationalgatheringofscholars,heldattheUnionLeague ClubinNewYorkCityinautumn2016.Thateventwasmadepossibleby thegenerosityofMiltonEzrati,adistinguishedeconomistandanaccom- plished author and columnist, who as an undergraduate had studied Classics at the University at Buffalo (The State University of New York). Chief among his teachers was Jack Peradotto, author of the introduction to this volume and guest of honor at the symposium. I wish to acknowledge the great debt of gratitude that I owe to Mr. Ezrati for his magnanimity and for his long-standing support of the Classics discipline, and for his continuing commitment to facilitating opportunities for intellectual exchange, discovery, and scholarly excel- lence. Ialso wanttothankallofthose onhandforthesymposium, both presenters and respondents, for their contributions to the richness of the occasion.Thanks,too,mustbeexpressedtothestaffoftheUnionLeague Club for their kind and professional support. Especial thanks, of course, go to Claude Calame, Robert Parker, Esther Eidinow, Greg Nagy, Maurizio Giangiulio, Nino Luraghi, Michael Flower, Fred Naiden, and Dana Fields for their masterful studies that make up this volume, and to Jack Peradotto for the introduction that so effectively and succinctly captures the essence of each chapter. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Beatrice Rehl of Cambridge University Press for her expert guidance through the process of the birthing of this work. And, finally,thanksgototheanonymousreadersofthemanuscript,atvarious stages ofdevelopment, for their invaluable insights and suggestions. viii blih d li b C bid i i Abbreviations BGU Königlichen Museen zu Berlin 1895–2005 Didyma McCabe 1985a eDIL ElectronicDictionaryoftheIrishLanguage(edil.qub.ac.uk) Erythrai McCabe 1986 FD Bourguet et al. 1929– FGrHist Jacoby 1923–99 GHI Meiggs and Lewis 1989 Iasos McCabe 1991a IG Inscriptiones Graecae IMagnesia McCabe 1991b IMT Barth and Stauber 1993 KBo KeilschrifttexteausBoghazköi LIV Rix etal. 2001 LSAG2 Jeffrey,1990 LSJ Liddell et al. 1996 N Nauck 1964 OLD Glare 1982 PAberd. Turner 1939 PAmh Grenfell andHunt1901 PHeid Siegmann et al. 1956–2006 PMG Page 1962 POxy Grenfell et al. 1898–2016 Priene McCabe 1987 PYale Oates etal. 1967 RE Wissowa and Kroll 1894–1978 SEG Hondiuset al. 1923– ix blih d li b C bid i i