The Divided West The Divided West BY JÜRGEN HABERMAS Edited and Translated by CIARAN CRONIN polity First published in German as Der gespaltene Westen by Jürgen Habermas © Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2004. Chapter 1 fi rst appeared in Giovanna Borradori, Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida © The University of Chicago Press, 2003. Chapter 2 fi rst appeared in a translation by Max Pensky in German Law Journal 4/7 (2003): 701–8 and in Constellations 10/3 (2003): 364–70. Chapter 7 appeared under the title “America and the World: A Conversation with Jürgen Habermas,” translated by Jeffrey Craig Miller, Logos 3/3 (Summer 2004). This English translation © Polity Press Ltd, 2006 Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-10: 0-7456-3518-0 ISBN-13: 978-07456-3518-0 ISBN-10: 0-7456-3519-9 (pb) ISBN-13: 978-07456-3519-9 (pb) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Berling by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd Padstow, Cornwall For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.polity.co.uk The publication of this work was supported by a grant from the Goethe-Institut Chapter 2, fi rst published in the German Law Journal, Vol. 04. No. 07, Pages 701–708, used with permission of the editors. Chapter 7, this interview originally appeared in Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture 3.3, Summer 2004. http://www.logosjournal.com/issue3.3habermasinterview.htm Contents Editor’s Preface vii Author’s Foreword xxii Note on the Translation xxiv Part I After September 11 1 1 Fundamentalism and Terror 3 2 Interpreting the Fall of a Monument 26 Part II T he Voice of Europe in the Clamor of its Nations 37 3 February 15, or: What Binds Europeans 39 4 Core Europe as Counterpower? Follow-up Questions 49 5 The State of German–Polish Relations 57 6 Is the Development of a European Identity Necessary, and Is It Possible? 67 Part III Views on a Chaotic World 83 7 An Interview on War and Peace 85 v CONTENTS Part IV T he Kantian Project and the Divided West 113 8 Does the Constitutionalization of International Law Still Have a Chance? 115 Introduction 115 Politically Constituted World Society vs. World Republic 118 Constitutionalization of International Law or Liberal Ethics of the Superpower 147 Alternative Visions of a New Global Order 179 Notes 194 Index 211 vi Editor’s Preface The writings collected in this volume document the re - sponses of one of the major social and political thinkers of our time to what are likely to be regarded by future generations as important events in world history. Since the early 1990s, when the end of the Cold War inaugu- rated dramatic changes in the international political land- scape, Jürgen Habermas has produced important theoretical writings and numerous essays, and conducted interviews, devoted to global political issues. The underly- ing themes and concerns of these writings have remained consistent, even as Habermas has refi ned his ideas con- cerning law and politics above the national level and has responded to new political developments. His central theoretical preoccupation has been the articulation of a model of democratic politics beyond the nation-state that is capable of meeting the challenges of the “postnational constellation.” In this connection, he has repeatedly dis- cussed the process of European unifi cation as a potential model for the transition from international law to cosmo- politan society which he advocates. Habermas presents his approach to international law and politics as a critical appropriation of Kant’s idea of a “cosmopolitan condition,” to which the closing essay of this volume represents a further major contribution. This essay was also written as a direct response to the vii EDITOR’S PREFACE events – in particular, the policies pursued by the US government since September 11, 2001 – which have led to a damaging split within the West over the future direc- tion and goals of global political governance. The remain- ing essays and interviews document Habermas’s responses to these events as they occurred and thus set the political stage for the theoretical project developed systematically in the closing essay. In what follows, I will offer some remarks on the theoretical and practical motivations of Habermas’s cos- mopolitan project as set forth in the closing essay. I will then show how they are refl ected in some of the principal themes of the remaining essays and interviews and conclude with some observations on the role of the publ ic intellectual as exemplifi ed by the writings in this volume. I In the essay “Does the Constitutionalization of Interna- tional Law Still Have a Chance?” Habermas argues that the continuation of the Kantian cosmopolitan project under current global conditions should take the form of a constitutionalization of international law. Kant’s idea of a “cosmopolitan condition” must be freed from the his- torical and – as Habermas here emphasizes – conceptual ballast with which it is weighed down in Kant’s own writings. Kant envisaged the creation of a cosmopolitan political order that would ultimately unite all human beings into a republican state of world citizens. He argued that this future “cosmopolitan condition” was a necessary complement to the republican national states then in their infancy and to the established international system of sovereign states if an enduring condition of world peace was to be achieved in an increasingly interconnected world. Although Habermas embraces the normative thrust of Kant’s cosmopolitan vision – and, in particular, viii