Education: Biology B1001 DIVERSITYOF ALGAE AND PLANTS Dr. Memory Tekere Biology 1, Diversity of Algae and Plants Foreword The African Virtual University (AVU) is proud to participate in increasing access to education in African countries through the production of quality learning materials. We are also proud to contribute to global knowledge as our Open Educational Resources (OERs) are mostly accessed from outside the African continent. This module was prepared in collaboration with twenty one (21) African partner institutions which participated in the AVU Multinational Project I and II. From 2005 to 2011, an ICT-integrated Teacher Education Program, funded by the African Development Bank, was developed and offered by 12 universities drawn from 10 countries which worked collaboratively to design, develop, and deliver their own Open Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) programs for teachers in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Math, ICTs for teachers, and Teacher Education Professional Development. Four Bachelors of Education in mathematics and sciences were developed and peer-reviewed by African Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) from the participating institutions. A total of 73 modules were developed and translated to ensure availability in English, French and Portuguese making it a total of 219 modules. These modules have also been made available as Open Educational Resources (OER) on oer.avu.org, and have since then been accessed over 2 million times. In 2012 a second phase of this project was launched to build on the existing teacher education modules, learning from the lessons of the existing teacher education program, reviewing the existing modules and creating new ones. This exercise was completed in 2017. On behalf of the African Virtual University and our patron, our partner institutions, the African Development Bank, I invite you to use this module in your institution, for your own education, to share it as widely as possible, and to participate actively in the AVU communities of practice of your interest. We are committed to be on the frontline of developing and sharing open educational resources. The African Virtual University (AVU) is a Pan African Intergovernmental Organization established by charter with the mandate of significantly increasing access to quality higher education and training through the innovative use of information communication technologies. A Charter, establishing the AVU as an Intergovernmental Organization, has been signed so far by nineteen (19) African Governments - Kenya, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Tanzania, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo, Benin, Ghana, Republic of Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, South Sudan, Sudan, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia and Cape Verde. The following institutions participated in the teacher education program of the Multinational Project I: University of Nairobi – Kenya, Kyambogo University – Uganda, Open University of Tanzania, University of Zambia, University of Zimbabwe – Zimbabwe, Jimma University – Ethiopia, Amoud University - Somalia; Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-Senegal, Université d’ Antananarivo – Madagascar, Universidade Pedagogica – Mozambique, East African University - Somalia, and University of Hargeisa - Somalia 22 The following institutions participated in the teacher education program of the Multinational Project II: University of Juba (UOJ) - South Sudan, University of The Gambia (UTG), University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) – Nigeria, Open University of Sudan (OUS) – Sudan, University of Education Winneba (UEW) – Ghana, University of Cape Verde (UniCV) – Cape Verde, Institut des Sciences (IDS) – Burkina Faso, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENSUP) - Mali, Université Abdou Moumouni (UAM) - Niger, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de la Gombe (ISPG) – Democratic Republic of Congo and Escola Normal Superieur Tchicote – Guinea Bissau Bakary Diallo The Rector African Virtual University 33 Biology 1, Diversity of Algae and Plants Production Credits This second edition is the result of the revision of the first edition of this module. The informations provided below, at the exception of the name of the author of the first edition, refer to the second edition. Author Memory Tekere Reviewers Mamadou Sarr AVU - Academic Coordination Dr. Marilena Cabral Module Coordinator Mamadou Sarr Instructional Designers Elizabeth Mbasu Diana Tuel Benta Ochola Media Team Sidney McGregor Michal Abigael Koyier Barry Savala Mercy Tabi Ojwang Edwin Kiprono Josiah Mutsogu Kelvin Muriithi Kefa Murimi Victor Oluoch Otieno Gerisson Mulongo 44 Copyright Notice This document is published under the conditions of the Creative Commons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ Module Template is copyright African Virtual University licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. CC-BY, SA Supported By AVU Multinational Project II funded by the African Development Bank. 55 Biology 1, Diversity of Algae and Plants Table of Contents Foreword 2 Production Credits 4 Copyright Notice 5 Supported By 5 WELCOME MESSAGE 8 Prerequisites 8 TIME 8 Materials 8 MODULE RATIONALE 9 CONTENT 10 Outline 10 CONCEPT MAP REPRESENTING THE CONTENT OF THE MODULE 13 GENERAL OBJECTIVE(S) 14 SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES (INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES) 14 Unit 1: Diversity of Algae: 15 Unit 2: Lower plants 16 Bryophytes 16 Pteridophytes 16 Unit 3 : Higher/Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms): 18 TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES 19 Title of Pre-assessment : Diversity of Algae and Plants (Module 1) 19 KEY CONCEPTS (GLOSSARY) 24 PEDAGOGICAL COMMENT FOR LEARNERS 24 COMPULSORY READINGS 25 Reading 1: Alga 25 Reading #2 26 Reading Resource #3: Pteridophytes 27 COMPULSORY RESOURCES 28 66 Resource # 1: Course overview video 28 Resource #2: “Protists” Power point lecture presentation on Protista 28 USEFUL LINKS 30 Useful Link #1 Diversity of Lower Plants 30 Useful Link #2 31 Resource # 3: Algae 31 Useful Link #4 32 Useful Link #5 32 Useful Link # 6 33 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 34 Learning activity # 1 34 Key Concepts 35 LEARNING ACTIVITIES : 36 Learning activity # 2 40 Title of Learning Activity : Diversity of Lower Plants 40 List of relevant readings : 41 Key Concepts / Glossary 41 LEARNING ACTIVITIES : 43 Learning activity # 3 45 Title of Activity: Diversity of Higher Plants 45 Key Concepts 46 List of relevant readings: 46 Learning activities : 48 Diversity of Gymnosperms 49 Diversity of Angiosperms 50 Flower structure 50 Formative evaluation 51 Learning activity # 4 52 Title of Learning Activity : Herbarium Techniques 52 55 Biology 1, Diversity of Algae and Plants List of relevant readings : 53 Glossary/ key concepts 53 References 56 Formative evaluation : 56 Synthesis of the Module 56 Summative Evaluation 57 BIOLOGY MODULE 1 : DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND PLANTS 59 Student Records 65 Main Author of the Module 65 File Structure 66 66 WELCOME MESSAGE WELCOME MESSAGE Phylogenetic reconstruction of the possible relationships between plant groups and their green algal ancestors. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/biobookDiversity Website accessed 26/8/06 Prerequisites High school / secondary school exit qualification acceptable for entry into University for Biology Science Education as required by your university. Special exemption can be extended to in-service biology teachers and those with relevant experience in biological sciences as determined by your university. This implies that you should have a basic understanding of plant structure and function as it relates to the work to be done in this module. TIME 120 hours will be required to complete the module Materials Course materials include study materials (print,CD, videos,online text) For the successful completion of this module, you will need - access to a computer and internet, - CD-ROMS, interactive discussions and group sessions - recommended text books and reference materials. - it will also be to your benefit should you have access to a well equiped central laboratory for the pratical work. 77 Biology 1, Diversity of Algae and Plants - Field trips for field work on observing plant diversity, the ecology, collection, and preservation of plants. Preparing to mount a plant. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/herbarium Accessed 11/08/06 MODULE RATIONALE The module is meant to educate you (pre-service and in-service) as secondary school biology teacher with specific reference to the diversity of algae and plants. The content of the module is designed to provide you with a sound background on the teaching and learning of the algae and plant diversity through the use of ICT. Understanding the diversity of plants and algae will help you appreciate the diversity of life forms, phylogenetic relationships, ecology and economic importance. The module also forms the basis of the other biology modules such as plant physiology, cell biology, genetics and ecology. You will also be introduced to aspects of laboratory and fieldwork. These are enriching activities supplemental to the work done in this module. The “six” kingdom taxonomic scheme. This figure shows the position of Plants and Algae (Protist) in the diversity of life. Source : online biology book, 88