Distributed Energy Systems T his book provides the insight of various topology and control algorithms used for power control in distributed energy power conversion systems such as solar, wind, and other power sources. It covers traditional and advanced control algorithms of power f ltering including modelling and simulations, and hybrid power generation systems. The adaptive control, model predictive control, fuzzy-based controllers, Artif cial Intelligence-based control algorithm, and optimization techniques application for estimating the error regulator gains are discussed. F eatures of this book include the following: • C overs the schemes for power quality enhancement, and voltage and frequency control. • P rovides complete mathematical modelling and simulation results of the various conf gurations of the renewable energy-based distribution systems. • I ncludes design, control, and experimental results. • D iscusses mathematical modelling of classical and adaptive control techniques. • E xplores recent application of control algorithm and power conversion. T his book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in power electronics, distributed power generation systems, control engineering, Artif cial Intelligence-based control algorithms, optimization techniques, and renewable energy systems. Control Theory and Applications Series Editor: Dipankar Deb, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management (IITRAM) This book series is envisaged to add to the scholarly discourse on high-quality books in all areas related to control theory and applications. The book series provides a forum for the control scientists and engineers to exchange related knowledge and experience on contemporary research and development in control and automation. This includes aircraft control, adap- tive control, sliding mode control, evolutionary control, fuzzy theory and control, robotic manipulators, and even control applications in areas such as the Internet of Things and Big Data. The scope includes all aspects of control engineering needed to implement practical control systems, from analysis and design, through simulation and hardware, with a special emphasis on bridging the gap between theory and practice. It aims to explore the latest research f ndings and provide atten- tion to emerging topics in control theory and its applications to diverse domains of engineering and technology, to expand the knowledge base and applications of this rapidly evolving and interdisciplinary f eld. The series will include textbooks, references, handbooks, and short-form books. Control Strategies of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive for Electric Vehicles Chiranjit Sain, Atanu Banerjee, and Pabitra Kumar Biswas Distributed Energy Systems Design, Modeling, and Control Edited by Ashutosh K. Giri, Sabha Raj Arya, and Dmitri Vinnikov For more information about this series, please visit: w ww.routledge.com/Control-Theory-and-Applications/book-series/ CRCCTA Distributed Energy Systems Design, Modeling, and Control Edited by Ashutosh K. Giri, Sabha Raj Arya, and Dmitri Vinnikov F irst edition published 2023 b y CRC Press 6 000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 a nd by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN C RC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group , LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Ashutosh K. Giri, Sabha Raj Arya and Dmitri Vinnikov; individual chapters, the contributors R easonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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ISBN: 978-1-032-13424-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-13425-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-22912-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003229124 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents E ditor Biographies ...............................................................................................................................................................vii List of Contributors ...............................................................................................................................................................ix Preface. ..................................................................................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................1 A shutosh K. Giri, Sabha Raj Arya and Rakesh Maurya Chapter 2 Design and Performance Analysis of Grid Connected Hybrid-Distributed Generation Using DIgSILENT PowerFactory ....................................................................................................................7 A noop Arya, Shweta Mehroliya, Uliya Mitra, Sushma Gupta, Rishi Kumar Singh, and Prateek Mundra Chapter 3 Active, Passive and Hybrid Filters in DG Systems for Power Quality Improvement ....................................25 A noop Arya, Uliya Mitra, Shweta Mehroliya, Sushma Gupta, Shilpi Tomar and Karuna Nikum Chapter 4 A Performance Review of Control Algorithms for VSC to Improve the Power Quality Features in Single-Phase Wind-Based Distributed Generation ..................................................................... 47 A shutosh K. Giri, Sabha Raj Arya and Rakesh Maurya Chapter 5 Variable Speed Wind and Hydro Power-Based Distributed Generation for Remote Electrif cation ................................................................................................................................................. 61 G eeta Pathak, Bhim Singh and B. K. Panigrahi Chapter 6 Modelling of Energy Sources and Loads for Distributed Power Generation ................................................ 75 P agidipala Sravanthi and Vuddanti Sandeep Chapter 7 Hardware Development of Three-to-Three Phase Indirect Matrix Converters .............................................89 P ayal Patel and Mahmadasraf A. Mulla Chapter 8 Grid-Interactive Solar Energy Conversion Systems ..................................................................................... 105 S hailendra Kumar and More Raju Chapter 9 Multifunction Grid-Interactive Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping System for Water Pumping and Distributed Generation Application .......................................................................................125 V amja Rajan Vinodray and Mahmadasraf A. Mulla Chapter 10 Fixed-Speed Wind and Solar Power System with Multifunctional Voltage Source Converter ................... 143 G eeta Pathak, Bhim Singh and B. K. Panigrahi Chapter 11 DROGI-FLL-Based Control Algorithm for Coordinated Operation of 3P4W Wind/Solar Hybrid System .............................................................................................................................................. 155 S ombir, Madhusudan Singh, Ashutosh K. Giri, and Sabha Raj Arya v vi Contents Chapter 12 Intelligent Proportional Integral-Sliding Mode Control for Standalone Variable-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems ............................................................................................................... 169 Anjana Jain, Saravanakumar Rajendran, K. Deepa, Ashutosh K. Giri, Sabha Raj Arya, Biswajeet Rout, and Prabhakaran K. K. Chapter 13 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Characteristics, Modelling and Application ............................................................ 185 U jjval B. Vyas, Varsha A. Shah and Athul Vijay P. K. Chapter 14 A Complete Battery Management System of Li-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle Applications ................ 213 J . Saikrishna Goud and Kalpana R. Chapter 15 Comprehensive Analysis of Ultracapacitors ................................................................................................229 A thul Vijay P. K., Varsha A. Shah, Ujjval B. Vyas and Nikunj Patel Chapter 16 Energy Scheduling and Flexibility Quantif cation in Buildings ..................................................................249 R oya Ahmadiahangar, Andrei Blinov and Dimosthenis Peftitsis Chapter 17 Shade-Tolerant PV Microconverters ............................................................................................................ 261 V adim Sidorov, Abualkasim Bakeer, Hamed Mashinchi Maheri, Naser Hassanpour, Showrov Rahman, and Andrii Chub Chapter 18 LCL-Filter Design and Application .............................................................................................................283 O leksandr Husev and Oleksandr Matiushkin Index ..................................................................................................................................................................................295 Editor Biographies Ashutosh K. Giri received his bachelor of engineering in and Industrial Engineering Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, electrical engineering from College of Technology, G. B. and is serving as an honorary advisor (technical services) in Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Cubatics Industries Pvt. Ltd, Surat, India. He is life member Uttarakhand, India, in 2002; M.E in electrical engineering of the Indian Society of Technical Education. Recently, he with specialization in power systems from the L.D. College was included on an advisory board as a member in Society of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, in 2005; and of Power Engineers, Vadodara Chapter. PhD from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Sardar Vallabh National Institute of Technology, Surat, Sabha Raj Arya (M 2012, SM 2015) received a bachelor India in 2020. In June 2005, he joined Department of of engineering degree in electrical engineering from Govern- Electrical Engineering, PIET Limda (now deemed uni- ment Engineering College Jabalpur, in 2002; Master of Tech- versity) Vadodara as a lecturer. In May 2011, he joined nology in Power Electronics from Motilal National Institute the Department of Electrical Engineering, Government of Technology, Allahabad, in 2004; and PhD degree in Engineering College, Bharuch, as an assistant professor. He electrical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology has authored and co-authored more than 30 research papers (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 2014. He is an assistant in reputed journals such as I EEE Transactions and IET professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Journal , and books published by Wiley, Taylor & Francis, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat. Springer, etc. He has also co-authored one book which is In January 2019, he was promoted as associate professor in published in Springer Publication, Singapore. He is work- same institute. His f elds of interest include power electron- ing on another book on Power Quality: Infrastructure and ics, power quality, design of power f lters, and distributed Control with Springer Nature Publication, Singapore. He power generation. He received two national awards, namely has received the sponsored research grant of Rs. 25 Lakhs the INAE Young Engineer Award from Indian National from the director of technical education, Gujarat state Academy of Engineering and the POSOCO Power System under STEM Scheme. He is working as a principal inves- Award from Power Grid Corporation of India in the year of tigator in this project. He has coordinated f ve short-term 2014 for his research work. He is also received AmitGarg training programme including the recently concluded All- Memorial Research Award in 2014 from IIT Delhi from India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) Training the high-impact publication in a quality journal during the and Learning faculty development program (ATAL FDP). session 2013–2014. At present, he has published more than He has qualif ed GATE Examination three times with a hundred research paper in internal national journals and reputed percentile scores. He has delivered national and conferences in the f eld of electrical power quality. He also international level expert talk at various reputed univer- serves as an associate editor for the journal I ET Renewable sities across India, including SVNIT, SURAT, and Delhi Power Generation. Technical University, New Delhi. He has received a Research Opportunity Week (ROW) scholarship and vis- Dmitri Vinnikov (M 2007, SM 2011) received the Dipl. ited Technical University of Munich (Germany) in March– Eng., M.Sc., and Dr.Sc.Techn. degrees in electrical engi- April 2019. He has also served as a Technical Programme neering from the Tallinn University of Technology, Committee member in conferences organized at Scientif c Tallinn, Estonia, in 1999, 2001, and 2005, respectively. Federation of Dallas, USA and Kenitra, Morocco. He has He is currently the head of the Power Electronics Group, also chaired Technical Session in IEEE-sponsored inter- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tallinn University national conference at IIITDM Kancheepuram, Chennai. of Technology, and a guest researcher at the Institute of He organized a special session at the world-reputed IEEE- Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Riga ECCE2020 Conference at Detroit, USA. He also organized Technical University, Riga, Latvia. He has authored more a special session at ECCE-ASIA 2021 at Singapore. He is than 150 published papers on power converter design and serving as a potential reviewer in various reputed journals development, and is the holder of numerous patents and such as IEEE Transactions of Power Electronics, IEEE utility models in this f eld. His research interests include Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IET , Wiley etc. He switch-mode power converters, modeling and simulation of was nominated best researcher of the year 2019 at electrical power systems, applied design of power converters and con- department, SVNIT, Surat in 2019. He is also serving as trol systems, and application and development of energy- an honorary advisor (technical services) to GMDT Marine storage systems. vii Contributors Prof. B. K. Panigrahi and Prof. Bhim Singh Shilpi Tomar Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi SATI Vidisha-India Dimosthenis Peftitsis Karuna Nikum NTNU, Norway Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai Geeta Pathak Rishi Kumar Singh G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Prateek Mundra Oleksandr Husev Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal TalTech University, Eastonia Dr. Kalpana R. Rakesh Maurya Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg., National SVNIT, Surat Institute of Technology Surathkal Mr. Athul Vijay P. K., Prof. (Dr.) Varsha A. Shah, Mr. Ujjval B. Vyas, Prof. (Dr.) Varsha A. Shah, Mr. Ujjval B. Vyas, Dr. Nikunj Patel(1,2,3) Mr. Athul Vijay P. K. Department of Electrical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai Department of Electrical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India.(4) National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India Department of Electrical Engineering, Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswathi, Institute of Technology, Surat, Dr. J. Saikrishna Goud Gujarat, India Electrical & Electronics Engg., Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Dr. Ashutosh K. Giri Education, Manipal Government Engineering College, Bharuch Dr. Anjana Jain Dr. Sabha Raj Arya Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, Karnataka Prof. (Dr.) Madhusudan Singh Dr. Saravanakumar Rajendran Delhi Technological University, New Delhi University of Santiago of Chile, Electrical Engineering Department, Santiago, Chile Mr. Sombir Delhi Technological University, New Delhi Dr. K. Deepa Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Mr. Vamja Rajan Vinodray Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, Karnataka Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India Dr. Prabhakaran K. K. National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka Miss. Uliya Mitra Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal Mr. Biswajeet Rout Kansas State University, USA Dr. Anoop Arya Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal Dr. Vuddanti Sandeep Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Dr. Sushma Gupta Technology (NIT) Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal Ms. Pagidipala Sravanthi Shweta Mehroliya Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal of Technology (NIT) Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem ix