INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES In the Proceeding Between JOSEPH CHARLES LEMIRE (Claimant) and UKRAINE (Respondent) (ICSID CASE NO. ARB/06/18) DISSENTING OPINION OF ARBITRATOR DR. JÜRGEN VOSS SUMMARY FACTS Undisputed This dispute was submitted to ICSID by Mr. Joseph Ch. Lemire – a United States citizen – (“Claimant”) against Ukraine (“Respondent”) under the Bilateral Investment Treaty between the United States and Ukraine of October 17, 1996 (the “BIT”). The dispute is also governed by an agreement between Claimant and Respondent of March 20, 2000 (the “Settlement Agreement”) which settled a previous dispute between the Parties under the ICSID Additional Facility (the “First Arbitration”). On September 18, 2000, the Settlement Agreement was recorded as an award on agreed terms (the “2000 Award”). In 1995, Claimant invested in CJSC “Radiocompany Gala” (“Gala”) through “CJCSC “Mirakom Ukraina” (“Mirakom”). Gala and Mirakom are both closed joint stock companies under Ukrainian law. Initially the majority shareholder, Claimant since 2006 is the sole shareholder of Gala and Mirakom. Claimant’s recorded investment in Gala is USD 141,000. However, his personal assets are commingled with those of Gala; and his actual contributions into Gala between 1995 and 2008 are estimated by the Majority to cluster somewhere between USD 2 and 3 million (with USD over 5 million alleged by Claimant and some 900,000 conceded by Respondent). Gala is a radio company. Until 2001 focused on Kyiv, it presently broadcasts in 13 regions of Ukraine, reaching some 22 percent of the Ukrainian population. It received 11 of its 14 frequencies on a priority basis pursuant to the Settlement Agreement. Under the Law of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting of 1993 (the “LTR”), all radio frequencies and attendant licences (summarily “frequencies”) are awarded by the “National Television and Radio Council of Ukraine” (the “National Council”). The National Council is independent from the Government of Ukraine, with half of its members appointed by the President and half by the Parliament. i The National Council awards frequencies in public tenders on the basis of criteria set forth in the LTR. All licensed broadcasters in Ukraine are entitled to participate in these tenders competing for frequencies. Only corporations under Ukrainian law qualify as licensed broadcasters so that foreign investors cannot apply for frequencies in their own right. This regime has been in existence from 1993 to present. Claimant’s Submission Claimant has submitted that he intended to create three “full national networks”. The National Council in 1995 has nurtured legitimate expectations that he would receive the frequencies necessary for realizing these plans. When these expectations were frustrated and additional grievances occurred, Claimant in November 1997 initiated the First Arbitration eventually settled by the Settlement Agreement. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, Claimant received 11 frequencies as negotiated, but later than negotiated and with lower power than expected. Due to their low power, Gala’s frequencies were insufficient to create the envisioned national networks. During 2001 to 2008, Gala applied in tenders for additional frequencies. All these applications but one were denied. Thereupon, Claimant has initiated this arbitration in September 2006. He has sought USD million 55,173 for loss of profits due to alleged breaches of the BIT and the Settlement 1 Agreement preventing him from creating the envisaged national networks . Respondent’s Submission Respondent has sought dismissal of all claims. It has denied any violation of either the BIT or the Settlement Agreement. The claims are beyond the Tribunal’s jurisdiction. They are moreover precluded by the Settlement Agreement and on procedural grounds. Finally, Claimant has failed to proof his loss. 1 Claimant has sought additional relief not relevant to my Opinion. ii The Majority’s Award The Majority awards Claimant USD 8,717,860 plus USD 750,000 on costs. The award is based on Respondent’s assumed breach of the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard of the BIT (the “FET standard”) due to the National Council’s failure of awarding Gala the frequencies needed for creating a full national network. All claims under the Settlement Agreement are dismissed. The Award comprises two decisions – the “Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability” of January 14, 2010 (the “First Decision”) and the Award of March 2011(the “Award”). My Opinion concerns both the First Decision and the Award. The First Decision establishes Respondent’s liability in principle. It determines that the National Council’s denial of Gala’s applications for frequencies in three tenders between May 2004 and February 2008 have violated the FET standard. Moreover, the First Decision declares the practice of awarding frequencies during March 1999 through June 2000 to have breached the FET standard. During this period (the “Interregnum”), the National Council had not been operative and a Government agency had allotted frequencies without tender to broadcasters other than Gala. The Award calculates the compensation due to Claimant on the basis of Respondent’s liability as determined in the First Decision. For that purpose, the Majority relies solely on the practice during the Interregnum, The Majority concludes that Gala would have won additional 14 frequencies needed for creating one full national FM network if the frequencies during the Interregnum had been put to tender as required by law so that Gala could have applied for them. My objections concern the Majority’s disregard of the Settlement Agreement, the admission of Claimant’s shareholder derivative suit on account of Gala, the delineation of the FET standard beyond its scope, the introduction of administrative practices during the Interregnum as a basis of Respondent’s liability, the assumption of causation between such practices and Claimant’s loss, and the award of loss of speculative profits. iii SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT The Majority ignores the Settlement Agreement in determining Claimant’s rights under the FET standard. It thus disregards the Agreement’s negative res judicata effect. Terms Claimant’s grievances on account of Respondent’s failure of awarding expected frequencies had already been at issue in the previous arbitration. They were settled by the Settlement Agreement. Under its para. 12, the Parties expressly acknowledge the absence of “any claims or misunderstandings….as on the date on the signing of the Agreement”, i.e., March 20, 2000. The Interregnum lasted from March 16, 1999 through June 2000. Any claims that might have arisen during the first 12 months of the Interregnum have thus been waived. Claimant, having the burden of proof, has not shown that any frequencies available for Gala had been allocated during the 3 months remaining after the cut-off-date. The waiver hence covers all claims on account of the Interregnum. The Settlement Agreement further “supersedes all prior correspondence, negotiations and understandings…with respect to matters covered herein” (para. 27). Claimant’s business expansion plans derive from correspondence and negotiations on the allocation of frequencies in 1995-1997. They are thus superseded. Object and Purpose As its express terms, object and purpose of the Settlement Agreement preclude the aforementioned claims and plans from consideration in this arbitration. By virtue of the Agreement, Claimant received 11 frequencies (out of his present 14) on a priority basis. These frequencies covered the very same regions for which Claimant sought frequencies in his 1995 – 1997 negotiations. In return for this priority treatment (at variance with applicable law), Claimant waived all claims, expectations and legally relevant plans ensuing from his 1995 – 1997 negotiations. This quid pro quo represents the basic synallagma of the Settlement Agreement. Claimant had expected that the frequencies obtained pursuant to the Settlement Agreement would suffice to create his envisaged national network. This expectation foundered due to lower-than-aspired powers of the frequencies received. The Majority founds its award on an assumption of additional frequencies which Gala/Claimant should have received during the Interregnum to offset the lower-than-expected power of the frequencies under the Settlement iv Agreement. Thus, the Majority places Claimant in the same position as if he had successfully negotiated the power of the frequencies under the Settlement Agreement. The FET protection is construed to de facto amend the Settlement Agreement. This defeats the latter’s very purpose. Res Judicata Recorded as an award on agreed terms, the Settlement Agreement assumes res judicata status. It precludes awarding claims and considering plans in this arbitration that were waived in and superseded by the Agreement. By ignoring the res judicata effect of the Settlement Agreement, the Majority exceeds its powers. SHAREHOLDER DERIVATIVE SUIT As per the Majority’s decision, the out-of-tender allocations of frequencies during the Interregnum breached the FET standard by depriving Gala of its right to participate in tenders required by Ukrainian law. This right belonged to Gala owing to its status as a licensed broadcaster in Ukraine. Claimant has brought this right under the umbrella of the FET standard by invoking it under the BIT in his capacity as a United States investor. Gala is a joint stock corporation under Ukrainian law, Claimant Gala’s controlling shareholder. Exercising a right of Gala in his own name, Claimant has filed a “shareholder derivative suit”. Ukrainian legislation reserves the status of a licensed broadcaster to corporate entities under Ukrainian law to the exclusion of foreign investors in their own right. This restriction imposed Gala’s corporate veil on Claimant as condition of investing in the Ukrainian radio industry. In the Annex to the BIT, Ukraine “reserves its right to make or maintain limited exceptions to national treatment”. This Reservation applies to the radio sector; and it covers the aforementioned restriction. As a consequence, BIT protection does not extend to Gala’s corporate rights under Ukrainian radio sector legislation. The determined breach of the FET standard is founded on a violation of such rights, namely Gala’s – assumed - rights to opportunities of winning frequencies illegally diverted from the tender process required by relevant legislation. Since such rights fall outside the ambit of BIT protection, their violation cannot be grounds for a breach of Claimant’s rights as a United States investor under the FET standard. v The Majority objects that Respondent has not adequately pleaded the inadmissibility of Claimant’s shareholder derivative suit. However, Respondent has undisputedly submitted the BIT (including the Reservation) and relevant Ukrainian legislation. In my view, the Tribunal was ex officio charged with determining the scope of BIT protection on the basis of the iura novit curia maxim. Adjudicating a claim beyond the BIT’s scope of protection, the Majority exceeds the Tribunal’s powers. FET STANDARD The Majority interprets the FET standard broadly with respect to both its scope of protection and the legal consequences of its violation. The standard is liberally construed as an “umbrella clause” upgrading “blatant” violations of the host country’s tender legislation ipso iure to international delicts even absent any specific relation to Claimant, let alone to Claimant as a foreign investor. The standard is moreover developed towards empowering tribunals ex aequo et bono to generate international case law superseding municipal laws in point even where they conform to general principles of law recognized by civilized nations (Art. 38(1) ICJ Statute). The Majority ignores particular features of the scenario in this arbitration which suggest judicial self-restraint in delineating the FET standard with a view to reconciling BIT protection with conflicting public interests of the host country. Tender Scenario This arbitration concerns the treatment of Gala in public tenders. In these, Gala, itself a “corporate citizen” of Ukraine, competes with domestically-owned radio companies for market shares through allocation of frequencies. In such tenders, a “level playing field” is essential where all contenders compete under the same framework conditions. Any preference accorded to some contenders tends to translate into “reverse discrimination” of other contenders. It thus undermines fair competition in and effectiveness of the tender process. vi BIT protection accords protection to beneficiary investors in addition to the protection afforded to domestic investors and foreign investors without BIT protection by the laws of the host country. This is legitimate. However, BIT protection must be reconciled with the rights of contenders to fair competition and the host country’s reserved regulatory powers. This aspect militates against developing a protection level under the FET standard which grants BIT protected investors a competitive advantage over their contenders without such protection. Added protection can distort competition. Tender applications represent investments in opportunities. Multiple contenders apply – only one can win. The economics of tender applications are determined by the chances of winning relative to the risk of losing the resources invested in the application. Legal protection and recovery rights in particular reduce the risk of loss. Where recovery rights extend to loss of profits, as awarded by the Majority, they even increase the chances of winning – not the award as such but the profits which would have accrued from the award. Such rights tend to enhance the risk-return ratio of tender applications. And if they are granted to selected applicants, e.g., BIT protected applicants, they tend to accord these applicants competitive advantages over their contenders. Recovery rights of unsuccessful tender applicants imply considerable liability risks for the State. Typically multiple contenders apply so that any irregularity may trigger multiple claims. These can accumulate to incalculable liability avalanches. Municipal laws therefore tend to restrict recovery rights in tenders with a view to containing fiscal exposure to liability. For instance, European law provides only for recovery of the costs incurred in relation to the tender (damnum emergens) but not for recovery of loss of profits (lucrum cessans) as awarded by the Majority. Such restrictions must be taken into consideration in applying the FET standard to tenders for two reasons. Disregard of such restrictions may widen the gap between the protection of BIT protected applicants and their contenders with prejudice to fair competition. And such restrictions reflect a – widely accepted - public interest of limiting exposure to liability at taxpayer’s expense. vii Reservation The particular dynamics of tenders legitimate the aforementioned restrictions on foreign investments in the radio industry established by Ukrainian sector legislation and covered by Ukraine’s Reservation to national treatment. In essence, these restrictions seek to exclude broadcasters’ rights in relation to tenders for frequencies from BIT protection. This assures a level playing field for all contenders and forestalls unforeseeable liabilities in accordance with practices in Europe and elsewhere. Ukraine accords these public interests in the radio sector priority over the investment promotion purpose of the BIT reflected in the latter’s preamble. In the Majority’s opinion, the Reservation has “no bearing whatsoever for the resolution of the present dispute”. Its application must be strictly confined to national treatment and has no ramifications for the FET standard. This position in my view overlooks the substantive overlap between the national treatment and the FET standard, respectively. Authorizing less advantageous treatment of U.S. investors than of domestic investors, the Reservation a fortiori militates against converting the FET standard into a right to preferential treatment of U.S. investors over their domestic contenders, the non- contingent nature of FET notwithstanding. I do not wish to suggest that the Reservation excludes tenders from FET protection in all conceivable scenarios. Yet, the Reservation in my view commands restraint in expanding the standard with respect to tender situations, especially in relation to an administrative practice affecting U.S. and domestically-owned radio companies alike. Expanding the FET standard to an “umbrella clause” for tender violations without regard to the special tender scenario or the Reservation, the Majority in my view stretches the standard beyond its object and purpose in the context of the BIT. It thus exceeds the Tribunal’s powers. viii INTERREGNUM Ne Ultra Petita The First Decision declaring out-of-tender allocations of frequencies during the National Council’s inoperativeness (the “Interregnum”) in breach of the FET standard represents a “surprise decision”. It has no basis in Claimant’s pleadings. Claimant had referred to this practice in the context of his claims for alleged non-performance of the Settlement Agreement. However, he has not, prior to the First Decision, asserted any claim on account of the administrative practice during the Interregnum. Only in response to the First Decision did Claimant amend his pleadings to include claims due to the Interregnum. These post facto pleadings cannot retroactively establish the procedural basis of the Majority’s decision. The decision violates the fundamental arbitration principle of ne ultra petita. It thus exceeds the Tribunal’s powers. Audiatur et Altera Pars By introducing a liability not pleaded by Claimant, the Majority deprives Respondent of its Right to be Heard on this issue. Respondent could not submit its defence in time to avert the decision. Respondent’s submission (including documentary evidence) in response to the decision revealed major errors concerning the Majority’s assumptions. Since the decision established Respondent’s liability as res judicata for the award, Respondent’s post facto submission was of no avail. It cannot cure the departure from a fundamental rule of procedure. Claims Waived The Interregnum in most part preceded the Settlement Agreement. Claims on account of occurrences during the Interregnum have thus been waived by the Settlement Agreement. ix