DISEASES OF POVERTY GEISEL SERIES IN GLOBAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE Series editors: Lisa V. Adams, MD, associate professor of medicine and associate dean for global health at Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth John R. Butterly, MD, professor of medicine at Geisel School of Medi cine at Dartmouth and the Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy and Clinical Practice This series, sponsored by Dartmouth College Press, draws on the schol- arly and practical expertise of a diverse group of health care practitioners and public health professionals engaged in combatting a wide range of challenging health issues faced by low-income countries around the globe. Books in the series vary: they may focus on a geographical area, such as Central America; a specific topic, such as surgery; or a particu- lar set of health issues in their environmental and political contexts. All books in the series should speak to medical students, health care and public health professionals, and anyone interested in engaging in global health work or learning more about the issues and problems facing our global society. For a complete list of books that are available in the series, visit www .upne.com Kathleen Allden and Nancy Murakami, editors, Trauma and Recovery on War’s Border: A Guide for Global Health Workers Lisa V. Adams and John R. Butterly, Diseases of Poverty: Epidemiology, Infec­ tious Diseases, and Modern Plagues Margo J. Krasnoff, editor, Building Partnerships in the Americas: A Guide for Global Health Workers Anji E. Wall, Ethics for International Medicine: A Practical Guide for Aid Work­ ers in Developing Countries Kate Tulenko, Insourced: How Importing Jobs Impacts the Healthcare Crisis Here and Abroad Laurel A. Spielberg and Lisa V. Adams, editors, Africa: A Practical Guide for Global Health Workers John R. Butterly and Jack Shepherd, Hunger: The Biology and Politics of Starvation DISEASES OF POVERTY Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, and Modern Plagues LISA V. ADAMS AND JOHN R. BUTTERLY DARTMOUTH COLLEGE PRESS Hanover, New Hampshire Dartmouth College Press An imprint of University Press of New England www.upne.com © 2015 Trustees of Dartmouth College All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Designed by Vicki Kuskowski Typeset in Bembo by A. W. Bennett Book Composition For permission to reproduce any of the material in this book, contact Permissions, University Press of New England, One Court Street, Suite 250, Lebanon NH 03766; or visit www.upne.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adams, Lisa V., author. Diseases of poverty : epidemiology, infectious diseases, and modern plagues / Lisa V. Adams and John R. Butterly. p. ; cm. Includes index. isbn 978-1-61168-751-4 (cloth : alk. paper) — isbn 978-1-61168-752-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) — isbn 978-1-61168-753-8 (ebook) I. Butterly, John R., author. II. Title. [dnlm: 1. Communicable Diseases—epidemiology. 2. Poverty. 3. World Health. 4. Communicable Disease Control. 5. Public Health—methods. WA 110] ra418.5.p6 362.1086942—dc23 2014037197 5 4 3 2 1 We dedicate this book to our global health students and international collaborators—both have been a source of great inspiration to us over the years. —LVA and JRB CONTENTS Prologue Dr. Agnes Binagwaho, Minister of Health, Rwanda xi 1 — Introduction to Global Health Lisa V. Adams, John R. Butterly, and Hoiwan Cheung 1 2 — Global Health: Systems, Agencies, Organizations, and Other Stakeholders Lisa V. Adams 14 3 — A Brief Primer of Infectious Diseases: Humans, Their Environment, and Evolution John R. Butterly 33 4 — Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases: Introduction and Early Perspectives John R. Butterly 47 5 — Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases: Global Perspective Lisa V. Adams 62 6 — The Basic Necessities of Life: Nutrition, Water, and Sanitation John R. Butterly 82