3 2 3 - 1 1 0 2 - S I S E H T - N R E C DISCOVERYPOTENTIALOFQUANTUMBLACKHOLESINADDMODELWITH THECMSDETECTOR ATHESISSUBMITTEDTO THEGRADUATESCHOOLOFNATURALANDAPPLIEDSCIENCES OF MIDDLEEASTTECHNICALUNIVERSITY BY HAL˙ILGAMSIZKAN INPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTS FOR THEDEGREEOFDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS AUGUST2011 Approvalofthethesis: DISCOVERYPOTENTIALOFQUANTUMBLACKHOLESINADDMODELWITH THECMSDETECTOR submitted by HALI˙L GAMSIZKAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DoctorofPhilosophy inPhysics Department,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityby, Prof. Dr. CananO¨zgen Dean,GraduateSchoolofNaturalandAppliedSciences SinanBilikmen HeadofDepartment,Physics Prof. Dr. MeltemSerin Supervisor,PhysicsDepartment ExaminingCommitteeMembers: Prof. Dr. AliUlviYılmazer AU¨,Eng. Physics Prof. Dr. MeltemSerin METU,Physics Prof. Dr. MehmetZeyrek METU,Physics Prof. Dr. Mu¨geBoz HacettepeU¨.,Eng. Physics Prof. Dr. Altug˘ O¨zpineci METU,Physics Date: Iherebydeclarethatallinformationinthisdocumenthasbeenobtainedandpresented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required bytheserulesandconduct,Ihavefullycitedandreferencedallmaterialandresultsthat arenotoriginaltothiswork. Name,LastName: HAL˙ILGAMSIZKAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT DISCOVERYPOTENTIALOFQUANTUMBLACKHOLESINADDMODELWITH THECMSDETECTOR Gamsızkan,Halil Ph.D.,DepartmentofPhysics Supervisor : Prof. Dr. MeltemSerin August2011,120pages Withthelongawaitedstart-upoftheLHC,TeVscalephysicsisnowinreachoftheparticles physicists to explore. There are many questions about the nature to be answered, and many moretheoriestobetestedtryingtoanswerthem. TheADDmodelofextradimensionsisonesuchmodel,writtentoaddressthelargemasshi- erarchybetweenthetwofundamentalenergyscalesinnature,theelectroweakandthePlanck scales. ADD model predictsstronger gravity atsub-millimeter distance scales, which would then lead to an interesting physical object to be produced at proton collusions at the LHC: Tinyquantumblackholes. In this thesis we study the discovery potential of CMS for quantum black hole events for proton-proton collusions at ps = 14 TeV. Our study details the trigger response of CMS, variouscriteriaandmethodsforbackgroundrejection,a↵ectofexperimentaluncertaintieson measurements,fordi↵erentmodelparametervalues. Keywords: ADDModel,ExtraDimensions,BlackHoles,CMS,LHC iv ¨ OZ ADDMODEL˙IKUANTUMKARADEL˙IKLER˙INCMSDEDEKTO¨RU¨ ˙ILE KES¸FED˙ILMEPOTANS˙IYEL˙I Gamsızkan,Halil Doktora,FizikBo¨lu¨mu¨ TezYo¨neticisi : Prof. Dr. MeltemSerin Ag˘ustos2011,120sayfa LHC’nin uzun su¨redir beklenen ac¸ılıs¸ıyla, TeV enerjilerinde fizik yapmak artık parc¸acık fizikc¸ileri ic¸in mu¨mku¨n hale gelmis¸ bulunuyor. Dog˘a’ya dair cevaplanması gereken pek c¸ok soru,vebusorularaverdiklericevaplarınsınanmasıgerekendahadac¸okkurambulunuyor. ADDekboyutmodelidebukuramlardanbiriolupdog˘adakibilinenikitemelenerjio¨lc¸eg˘i– elektrozayıfvePlancko¨lc¸ekleri–arasındakibu¨yu¨kfarkıac¸ıklayabilmekamacıylayazılmıs¸tır. ADDmodelininmilimetre’denku¨c¸u¨kmesafelerdeku¨tlec¸ekimkuvvetiningu¨c¸lendig˘ivarsayımı LHC’deki proton c¸arpıs¸malarında ilginc¸ bir fiziksel nesnenin u¨retimi sonucunu beraberinde getirir,yanikuantumkaradeliklerin. Bu tezde ps = 14 TeV enerjide proton-proton c¸arpıs¸maları ic¸in CMS dedekto¨ru¨nu¨n kuan- tumkaradelikolaylarınıkes¸ifpotansiyelic¸alıs¸ılmıs¸tır. C¸alıs¸mamızfarklımodelparametresi deg˘erleri ic¸in CMS tetikleyicisinin davranıs¸ı, fon olaylarının reddedilmesi ic¸in c¸es¸itli kriter veyo¨ntemler,deneyselbelirsizliklerino¨lc¸u¨mlereetkisigibibas¸lıklarıkapsar. AnahtarKelimeler: ADDModeli,Ekboyutlar,Karadelikler,CMS,LHC v Ailemevetu¨msevdiklerimeithafolunur.. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thisthesiswouldn’texistwithoutthehelpandsupportofmanypeople,includingMehmet Zeyrek,AlbertdeRoeck,MeltemSerin,Sezenusta,C¸ig˘demKanberog˘luandtheCMS collaboration,bothpastandpresentmembers. Thankyou,eachandeveryoneofyou. IalsowouldliketothankMETUDepartmentofPhysicsfortheirsupportinmystudies, TAEKforsupportingmyvisitsatCERN,CERNforbeingahome,aschoolandanexcellent placetodoresearch,andtheMETUNCCcampusforbeingthemostwelcomeandquiet homeinthefinalstageofmythesisstudies. Pekc¸okinsanınkatkısıolmadanbutezortayac¸ıkamazdı;bunlardaneno¨nemlileriMeltem Serin,MehmetZeyrek,AlbertdeRoeck,Sezenusta,C¸ig˘demKanberog˘lu,veCMS kolaborasyonundabulunanvebulunmus¸ kis¸ilerdir. Herbirinizeayrıayrıtes¸ekku¨rederim. Ayrıcac¸alıs¸malarımaverdikleridestekic¸inODTU¨ FizikBo¨lu¨mu¨ne,yinedesteg˘iyleCERN ziyaretlerimimu¨mku¨nkılanTAEK’e,hembirev,hembirokulhemdekusursuzbiraras¸tırma ortamısag˘ladıg˘ıic¸inCERN’e,vetezc¸alıs¸malarımınsonas¸amalarınıgerc¸ekles¸tirirkenbana samimivehuzurlubirortamsag˘layanODTU¨ KKK’yates¸ekku¨ru¨ birborc¸ bilirim. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv O¨Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii TABLEOFCONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii LISTOFTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii LISTOFFIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv CHAPTERS 1 STANDARDMODEL,ANDBEYOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 HierarchyofScales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Theorieswithextradimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Kaluza-KleinTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4 LargeExtraDimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.1 PhenomenologyofLargeExtraDimensions . . . . . . . . 15 Strongergravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 KKexcitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 GravitonProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 BlackHoleProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.2 Downsides,problemsandopenquestions . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4.3 CurrentLimitsonADDModelParameters . . . . . . . . 17 2 BLACKHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.1 TypesofBlackHoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Supermassiveblackholes . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Stellarblackholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Primordial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 viii Quantum(higherdimensional)blackholes . . 19 2.2 TheSchwarzschildBlackHole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.1 DerivationoftheSchwarzschildmetric . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.2 Alternativecoordinatesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.3 Kruskal-SzekeresCoordinatesandtheMaximallyExtended SchwarzschildSolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3 ConformalDiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.4 ChargedBlackHoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5 RotatingBlackHoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.6 ClassicalBlackHoleThermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.6.1 Penroseprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Thezerothlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Thefirstlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Thesecondlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Thethirdlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.7 TheEvaporatingBlackHole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.7.1 UnruhE↵ect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.7.2 HawkingRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 QUANTUMBLACKHOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2 BlackHoleFormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.3 Decayofblackholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Baldingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Spin-downphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Schwarzschildphase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Planckphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.4 DetailsoftheSchwarzschildPhase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.5 IndirectIndicationsofBlackHoleProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.6 HowSafeisBlackHoleProductiononEarth? . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.7 FirstLimitsonQuantumBlackHoleProduction . . . . . . . . . . . 54 ix