Discovering Music SECOND EDITION R. LARRY TODD Duke University Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © 2021, 2018 by Oxford University Press For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Todd, R. Larry, author. Title: Discovering music / R. Larry Todd. Description: Second edition. | New York : Oxford University Press, 2020. | Includes index. | Summary: “Discovering Music offers the depth, breadth, and context that students need, in a concise format that is visually appealing. Written to inspire students to connect intellectually and emotionally with music from the Western canon and beyond, the text is supported by a suite of online ancillaries, including interactive listening maps, videos and animations, an instructor’s manual, PowerPoint presentations, a computerized test bank, and an interactive eBook. Following the established sequence for Music Appreciation texts, the book opens with an introduction to the musical elements; the instruments of the orchestra; and a discussion of how to listen to music. Then, each musical era is highlighted in individual parts, with a brief introduction to the key composers and developments that occurred in music and the related arts. Individual chapters focus on key figures or movements, with detailed Listening Maps offering unique guidance to students on how and why to listen to each work. Between each part, Global Connections allow students to make connections with non-Western musical traditions”—Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019028380 (print) | LCCN 2019028381 (eBook) | ISBN 9780190938925 (paperback) | ISBN 9780190938949 (epub) Version 1.1 Subjects: LCSH: Music appreciation. Classification: LCC MT90 .T54 2020 (print) | LCC MT90 (eBook) | DDC 780—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028380 LC eBook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028381 Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Quad/Graphics, Inc. Mexico For my students, past, present, and future Brief Contents PART I The Elements of Music PART II The Middle Ages PART III The Renaissance PART IV The Baroque PART V The Classical Period PART VI The Romantic Period PART VII The Modern Era Contents About the Author Preface Acknowledgments I The Elements of Music PART The Listening Experience Musical Elements: An Overview What Is Classical Music? Classical Periods and Styles The Classical-Popular Connection TIMELINE 1 Pitch, Melody, and Key CHAPTER 1.1 Pitch 1.2 Notating Pitch MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Physics of Sound: The Octave Clefs Sharps, Flats, and Naturals 1.3 Melody Phrases and Intervals Consonance and Dissonance MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Ancient Greeks and Consonances 1.4 Key The Major and Minor Scales The Chromatic Scale check your Knowledge 2 Rhythm, Meter, Texture, and Dynamics CHAPTER 2.1 Rhythmic Values 2.2 Tempo Markings MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Metronome 2.3 Pulse or Beat 2.4 Measures Upbeats and Downbeats Meter Time Signatures 2.5 Texture Monophonic Texture Polyphonic Texture and Counterpoint 2.6 Harmony Homophonic Texture The Triad Harmonic Progression 2.7 Tonality 2.8 Dynamics MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Sound of Silence check your Knowledge 3 Timbre, Instruments, and Ensembles CHAPTER 3.1 Timbre 3.2 The Voice 3.3 The Family of Musical Instruments 3.4 Musical Ensembles Instrumental Ensembles Vocal Ensembles Mixed Ensembles 3.5 Benjamin Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (1946) check your KNOWLEDGE LISTENING MAP 1: Benjamin Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra[1946] 4 Musical Form CHAPTER 4.1 Binary and Ternary Form 4.2 Theme and Variations MAKING CONNECTIONS: Musical Form in Architecture and Painting check your KNOWLEDGE 5 Learning How to Listen CHAPTER 5.1 Listening to Hamilton, “My Shot” Context Style Form 5.2 Mapping the Listening Experience Overview Table LISTENING MAP 2: Lin-Manuel Miranda, Hamilton, “My Shot” [2015] check your KNOWLEDGE PART I SUMMARY II The Middle Ages PART Why Listen to Medieval Music? TIMELINE Milestones of the Medieval Era 6 Origins of Medieval Music CHAPTER check your KNOWLEDGE 7 Music for the Christian Church CHAPTER 7.1 Gregorian Chant 7.2 The Divine Office and the Mass 7.3 Medieval Christmas Music: Viderunt omnes check your KNOWLEDGE LISTENING MAP 3: Anonymous, Viderunt omnes (“All the Ends of the Earth”) [fifth century] 8 Hildegard of Bingen CHAPTER LISTENING MAP 4: Hildegard of Bingen, O viridissima virga (“O Greenest Branch”) [twelfth century] check your KNOWLEDGE 9 Léonin and the Rise of Polyphony CHAPTER MAKING CONNECTIONS: Gothic Cathedrals and Polyphonic Architecture