CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK ABOUTTHEEDITORS (cid:6)e last volume of the series presents 46 texts under the heading of “anti-modernism”. In a dynamic Ifwecouldlookbackandseethewaywewere relationshipwithmodernism,fromthe1880stothe1940s,andespeciallyduringtheinterwarperiod,the one hundred years ago, we would barely DianaMishkovaisProfessorofModernand anti-modernistpoliticaldiscourseintheregionofferedcomplexideologicalconstructionsofnational recognizeourselvesand,therefore,concerning ContemporaryBalkanHistoryattheUniversity identi(cid:4)cation.(cid:6)esetextsrejectedthelinearvisionofprogressandinsteadofferedalternativemodelsof theactualtempoofprogress,weshouldnot ofSo(cid:4)aandDirectoroftheCentreforAdvanced temporality,suchasthecyclicaloneaswellasvariousnarrativesofdecline.(cid:6)isshi(cid:3)wascloselyconnectedto the rejection of liberal democratic institutionalism, and the preference for organicist models of social allowourselvestobecomedepressed.Itisonly StudySo(cid:4)a. existence,emphasizingtheroleoftheelites(andcharismaticleaders)shapingthewholebodypolitic.Along a little more than 100 years since the trans- MariusTurdaisReaderin20thCenturyCentral theselines,anti-modernistauthorsalsoformulatedalternativevisionsofsymbolicgeography:rejectingthe formationofepic-heroicenergyoflifebegan. andEasternEuropeanBiomedicineatOxford symbolichierarchiesthatfocusedonthenormativityofWesternEuropeanmodels,theystressedthecultural Weneedtoresolvethestillgraveissueofthe BrookesUniversity. andpoliticalautarchyoftheirownnationalcommunity,whichinsomecaseswasalsocoupledwiththe newaccommodationofthelifeofonewhole reevaluationoftheOrient.Atthesametime,thisanti-modernistturnshouldnotbeconfusedwithright- BalázsTrencsényiisAssociateProfessoratthe wingradicalism—infact,thedialoguewiththemodernisttraditionwaso(cid:3)enverysubtleandtheanthology nation.Wearenotyetawareoftheessenceand History Department of Central European alsocontainstextswhichofferedacriticismof'modern'totalitarianisminananti-modernistkey. difficultyofthatquestion.Wearenowinthe University,Budapest. midstofashi(cid:3)betweentwoeras,andweareat “Morethanadecadeinthemaking,thesevolumesrepresentanimpressiveachievement.Morethanthat,theyareavitaltoolfor scholarship.Fewindividualscholarscanhopetomasterthelanguagesandhistoricaltraditionsrequiredtoexamineidentityprojects theacutestageofthatprocess.And,inthis anddiscoursesintheregionincomparativeandtransnationalperspective.(cid:6)iscollectionallowsustobegintoexplorethepotential context,adangerousillusionhasbecomepre- CONTENTS ofsuchaproject. (cid:6)eimaginativelychosenandcarefullyannotatedextractspromptthereadertoidentifyunexpectedpatternsand interactions—bynomeanslimitedtoreactionstoWesternideasandmodels—whileintelligentintroductionstoeachseparate valentamongstus:itisasifthatpassagemeans IntroductionbySorinAntohiandBalázsTren- volumenotonlysetthecontextbutraiseissuesandquestionsthatgowellbeyondthegeographicalboundariesofCentraland somekindofde(cid:4)nitiveentranceintoanational SoutheasternEurope. (cid:6)eeditorsofthisserieshaveputallscholarsworkingontheregionintheirdebt;theyhavealsolaiddowna csényi challengetofuturescholarshiptopursuethepossibilitiesopenedupbytheirlabors.” “safeharbor,”thatisentranceintoEuropean WendyBracewell civilization.Butcivilizationcanbeevenmore Texts by Nikola Pašić, Georg von Schönerer, UniversityCollegeLondon dangerousfornewnations.Wemustovercome RomanDmowski,NicolaeIorga,AurelC.Popo- “Awell-editedandexceptionallyusefulcollectionofidentitystatementsfromCentralandSoutheasternEuropeoveralongertime thatcivilizationtoo,foritcouldswallowusup vici, Vladimir Čerina, Babanzâde Ahmed span.(cid:6)eeditorshavecoveredtherangeoftheregion'smanylanguages,madeinformedselections,preparedexcellenttranslations, Naim,JozefTiso,DezsőSzabó,KarlKraus,Mir- andprovidedcontextualintroductionsbothtotheindividualextractsandtothemainthemesofeachvolume.(cid:6)ereisno evenmoreeasilyandquicklythananybarbarian cea Eliade, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Leopold comparableworkinanylanguage;andwiththeappearanceofthe(cid:4)nalvolumeintheseries,dedicatedtoanti-modernistdiscourses Volume Four: force.Ourpeoplehavesensedthatandtheyare inthe(cid:4)rsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,itisworthstressinghowinvaluablearesourcethisisforteachersandresearchersalike.No Andrian,MihályBabits,StanisławIgnacyWit- C R A armingthemselveswithcivilization,butnotof universitylibrarywithambitionstomaketheregion'sculturalandintellectualhistoryavailabletoEnglish-speakingstudentsshould kiewicz, Ivan Hadzhiyski, Ion Dragoumis, bewithoutit.” ol ad nt the snobbish and imitative type—like Japan, JaroslavDurych,FranceVeber,AntonWildgans, UniveArsleitxyDofraAcme-sFterradnacmis lec ica i-m AAnnttii--mmooddeerrnniissmm–– whichisassumingatotallyforeigncivilization LucianBlaga,VladimirDvorniković,Nikolaj tiv lR o bothfromaracialandspiritualpointofview, VHeulgimoivroonvićH,NofamydanennsSthheayl,taGnyouv,laLáSszzelkófNű,éHmeeitnh-, “cth(cid:6)ornotiuesxgvthouolauulmta;nei,taaliynssvtehisteeisnentththiereeebsdeeusrtciseaeste,ndisseeaslicothefsathloleefntEegarimnstge:rtcnhoelElieruchrtoiiogpnheolteofveteshlsroeofnwstciaahlwoplarayirmsthhaierpycdrsueomtucrhacneodsf,smatchycetohimnatpnealdlnihgieeadnlfbt-tyerniungttahrgowedmhueecnntotproryofetmhssoeatryiensagadnoedrr eIde evisi derni RRaaddiiccaall RReevviissiioonnss brauctiwalitahnathmenseesnisse:tohfaatnictiehnatsballoreoaddkyinonshceipbaenend richvonSrbik,ŽivojinM.Perić,MilanŠufflay, n o s interrogatingtheiruniquenationalidentity;itdemandsthatscholarsworkingintheWesternhumanitiesrethinkwidely-held t n m ooff CCoolllleeccttiivvee equaltoallthoseadvancedbearersofculture. KarelKramář,PetarMutafchiev,NichiforCrai- assumptionsaboutEasternEurope,whatconstitutesconservatismandprogressiveness,andtheideaofa'normal'pathtoaliberal it s – nic,ÖmerLüt(cid:4)Barkan,LadislavHanus,Janko modernity.(cid:6)eintroductionproposesaconceptof'anti-modernism'tocategorizephenomenainEasternEuropethatmaybe y o Janev, Hüseyin Nihal Atsız, Ioannis Metaxas, difficulttograspforthosewhosepathtoliberaldemocracyhasnotbeenblockedbydecadesoftotalitarianism,sincetheyevokean f IIddeennttiittyy VladimirDvorniković atavisticrootedness(conservativism)butinaparadoxicallyfuturalspirit(modernism).Asaresult,thereaderofwhatevercultural EmilCioran,LazërRadi,ŠtefanPolakovič,Ema- backgroundemergeswithamorelucidfeelforwhatitmeanstobeEasternEuropean,modern,andhumana(cid:3)ertheEndofHistory.” nuelVajtauer,SvetislavStefanović,EdvardKocbek RogerGriffin OxfordBrookesUniversity ALREADYPUBLISHED: Edited by Diana Mishkova, Marius Turda Volume and Balázs Trencsényi Vol.I.Late-Enlightenment–Emergenceofthe Four Modern'NationalIdea’ Vol.II.NationalRomanticism–(cid:6)eFormation ofNationalMovements Vol.III/1Modernism–(cid:6)eCreationofNation- States Vol.III/2Modernism–RepresentationsofNa- 9 789637 326622 ISBN978-963-7326-62-2 tionalCultures DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945) TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES VOLUME IV ANTI-MODERNISM – RADICAL REVISIONS OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945) VOLUME IV EDITORIAL COMMITTEE AHMET ERSOY, MACIEJ GÓRNY, VANGELIS KECHRIOTIS, MICHAL KOPEČEK, BOYAN MANCHEV, DIANA MISHKOVA, BALÁZS TRENCSÉNYI, MARIUS TURDA ANTI-MODERNISM – RADICAL REVISIONS OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY Edited by Diana Mishkova, Marius Turda and Balázs Trencsényi CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY PRESS Budapest  New York ©2014 by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček, Boyan Manchev, Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda Published in 2014 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Limited Liability Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 227 West 57th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978-963-7326-62-2 978-963-7326-51-6 ö Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anti-modernism : radical revisions of collective identity / edited by Diana Mishkova, Marius Turda and Balázs Trencsényi. volumes ; cm. -- (Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945): texts and commentaries ; VOLUME IV) Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Introduction -- Approaching anti-modernism / Balázs Trencsényi and Sorin Antohi -- Integral nationalism -- The crisis of the European conscience -- In search of a national on- tology -- Conservative redefinitions of tradition and modernity -- The anti-modernist revolu- tion -- Basic secondary literature on identity discourses in Central and Southeast Europe -- Glossary. ISBN 978-9637326622 (hardbound) 1. Group identity--Europe, Central. 2. Group identity--Balkan Peninsula. 3. National charac- teristics. I. Mishkova, Diana, 1958- editor of compilation. II. Turda, Marius, editor of compila- tion. III. Trencsényi, Balázs, 1973- editor of compilation. HM753.A58 2014 305.800943--dc23 2014007631 Printed in Hungary by Generál Nyomda Kft., Szeged Contributors Sorin Antohi, Stevo Đurašković, Ildiko Erdei, Ahmet Ersoy, Maria Falina, Maciej Górny, Rigels Halili, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič Pavol Lukáč, Boyan Manchev, Vladimir Petrović, Robert Pyrah, Funda Soysal Marius Turda, Balázs Trencsényi Consultants Bojan Aleksov, Sorin Antohi, Guido Franzinetti, Miroslav Hroch, Maciej Janowski Jeremy King, Pavel Kolář, Antonis Liakos, Elena Mannová, István Margócsy Diana Mishkova, Robert Pynsent, Mateja Ratej, Dušan Škvarna Translations by Krištof Bodrič (from Serbian), Anna Bryson (from Czech) Zornitsa Dimova-Hristova (from Bulgarian), Vedran Dronjić (from Serbian) Ahmet Ersoy (from Turkish), Tudor Georgescu (from German) Alexander Gode and Sue Ellen Wright (from German) Katherine Hayes (from Czech), Rigels Halili (from Albanian) Mary Kitroeff (from Greek), Mária Kovács (from Romanian) Zuzanna Ładyga (from Polish), Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič (from Slovenian) Pavol Lukáč (from Slovak), Oskar Mulej (from Slovenian) Dávid Oláh (from Hungarian), Derek Paton (from Czech) Marija Petrović (from Serbian), Iva Polak (from Croatian) Robert Pyrah (from German), Anna Rebmann (from Serbian) Funda Soysal (from Turkish), Marius Turda (from Romanian) Copy-editor Garth Greenwell Frank Schaer Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... ix Introduction Sorin Antohi and Balázs Trencsényi: Approaching Anti-modernism ................ 1 Chapter I. Integral Nationalism Nikola Pašić: The agreement of Serbs and Croats ........................................... 47 Georg von Schönerer: The Pan-Germans’ program for the future .................... 56 Roman Dmowski: Thoughts of a modern Pole .................................................. 61 Nicolae Iorga: On national culture .................................................................... 70 Aurel C. Popovici: At the crossroads of two worlds .......................................... 77 Vladimir Čerina: In the city of cynics ................................................................ 83 Babanzâde Ahmed Naim: The question of nationalism in Islam ...................... 93 Jozef Tiso: The ideology of the Slovak People’s Party ...................................... 100 Dezső Szabó: Tomorrow’s nationalism ............................................................. 108 Chapter II. The Crisis of the European Conscience Karl Kraus: The last days of mankind ................................................................ 117 Mircea Eliade: Spiritual itinerary ...................................................................... 127 Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar: On East and West ...................................................... 134 Leopold Andrian: Austria through the prism of the Idea ................................... 142 Mihály Babits: Mass and nation ....................................................................... 148 Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz: Unkempt souls ................................................... 156 Ivan Hadzhiyski: An optimistic theory of our people ........................................ 165 Chapter III. In Search of a National Ontology Ion Dragoumis: Hellenic civilization ................................................................. 175 Jaroslav Durych: The mission of the Czech state ............................................... 182 viii France Veber: The ideal foundations of Slavic agrarianism ............................. 191 Anton Wildgans: Speech about Austria ............................................................. 199 Lucian Blaga: The Mioritic space ...................................................................... 205 Vladimir Dvorniković: Epic man ...................................................................... 212 Nikolaj Velimirović: The Serbian nation as a servant of God .......................... 219 Nayden Sheytanov: Bulgarian worldview ......................................................... 226 László Németh: In minority ............................................................................... 233 Chapter IV. Conservative Redefinitions of Tradition and Modernity Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Writing as the spiritual space of the Nation ............. 245 Gyula Szekfű: Three generations ...................................................................... 251 Heinrich von Srbik: Austria in the Holy Roman Empire and in the German Confederation ............................................................................................... 259 Živojin M. Perić: Religion in the Serbian Civil Code ........................................ 266 Milan Šufflay: The depths of national consciousness ........................................ 273 Karel Kramář: In defense of Slavic politics ...................................................... 282 Petar Mutafchiev: Towards the philosophy of Bulgarian history ...................... 292 Nichifor Crainic: The meaning of tradition ....................................................... 299 Ömer Lütfi Barkan: The legal status of the peasant class in the Ottoman Empire ........................................................................................................... 306 Ladislav Hanus: Slovak statehood ..................................................................... 313 Manifesto of the Slovenian National Defense Corps ......................................... 323 Chapter V. The Anti-modernist Revolution Ideological declaration of the Great Poland Camp .......................................... 331 Janko Janev: The spirit of the nation ................................................................. 335 Hüseyin Nihal Atsız: Turkish unity ................................................................... 342 Ioannis Metaxas: Speech on the occasion of the inauguration of public works 348 Emil Cioran: The transfiguration of Romania ................................................... 356 Lazër Radi: Fascism and the Albanian Spirit .................................................... 363 Štefan Polakovič: Slovak National Socialism .................................................... 370 Emanuel Vajtauer: Czech myth .......................................................................... 379 Svetislav Stefanović: The building of New Serbia as a peasant state ............... 388 Edvard Kocbek: Comradeship ........................................................................... 396 Basic Secondary Literature on Identity Discourses in Central and Southeast Europe ........................................................................................ 405 Glossary of Key Terms Used for the Construction of Collective Identity ......................................................................................................... 421 Acknowledgements During the years of intensive research and interaction, our group has in- curred a number of important debts. First of all, we would like to thank Diana Mishkova, who supported the project from the beginning and has helped us far beyond the scope commonly expected from the director of a hosting institution to bring these volumes to completion. In the process of our common work, she also changed roles and generously agreed to become part of the editorial team of the present volume. We are also grateful to the entire staff of the Centre for Advanced Study Sofia, who facilitated our work im- mensely during our numerous meetings and provided a pleasant working at- mosphere in all regards. No collaborative project of this sort is viable without substantial financial help to allow the participants to meet regularly. We are grateful to the Prince Bernhard Cultural Foundation (The Netherlands) for providing generous funding that made it possible for the group to meet on six occasions over the period of three years (2001–2003). When the first phase of the project was finished, the Foundation also offered a further grant to prepare the texts for publication. Without this generosity, it would have been impossible to share our findings with the broader public. Our special thanks goes to Wouter Hugenholtz, who took upon himself the role of introducing the project to the Foundation. A natural focus of any comparative research in the region, the Central European University also gave us generous help in accomplishing our ven- ture. Most of all, we would like to thank László Kontler, who has been with us from the very beginning of the project and shared his insights with us on many occasions. Sorin Antohi was also a source of inspiration for many of us, and his conceptualization of ethnic ontologies is central to the framework of interpretation of the present volume. We would also like to thank Halil Berktay for his intellectual support and for hosting us for a workshop back in 2001 in Istanbul, where the project was first presented to a broader academic