Discours 3-2 10/19/10 12:39 Page 1 iD n ABOUT THE EDITORS This is the second part of the third volume of the four-volume series, a daring project of CEU Press, pre- i D i s c o u r s e s o f The time has passed, when nationalism was s senting the most important texts that triggered and shaped the processes of nation-building in the many Cc closely connected to Romanticism. The nationalism Ahmet Ersoy is Assistant Professor at the countries of Central and Southeast Europe. Fifty-two texts illustrate the evolution of modernism in the eo of today values reality. It is a live expression of CC oo ll ll ee cc tt ii vv ee II dd ee nn tt ii tt yy Department of History, Bogˇaziçi Univer- region. Essays, articles, poems, or excerpts from longer works offer new opportunities of possible com- nu sociology as a science, a field for the imple- parisonsof the respective national cultures. The volume focuses on the literary and scientific attempts at tr mentation of social hygiene, a laboratory to sity, Istanbul squaring the circle of individual and collective identities. Often outspokenly critical of the romantic epis- rase i n C e n t r a l a n d discover psychological and social diseases. Maciej Górny is Research Fellow at the teme, these texts reflect a more sophisticated and critical stance than in the preceding periods. At the same ls This scientific research used for discovering Institute of History of the Polish time, rather than representing a complete rupture, they often continue and confirm the romantic identity (1 a o the sources of evil presents itself as the only Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and narratives, albeit with “other means.” The volume also presents the ways national minorities sought to 7nf S o u t h e a s t E u r o p e positive value. The main obligation for the Centre for Historical Research in Berlin legitimize their existence with reference to their cultural and institutional peculiarity. 7d CC Youth (that Youth, which, enlightened by the 0 light of reason, feels without any hesitation a Vata nthgee lDis eKpeacrhtmrioentits iosf AHssiissttoarnyt, PBroogfˇeaszsioçri “loTnhge- apwriamiteadry a sltoeurrncaet icvoel lteoc tcioonnv Denistcioounrasle sn oafr rCaotlilvecetsiv oe fI tdhenet irteyg iino nC’sen htrisatlo arnyd. ISfo ruethaeda sitn Etuarnodpeempr wovitihd etsh ea -19Sou oollllee ( 1 7 7 0 - 1 9 4 5 ) dFeaethpe rrleasnpde, cta nfdo r altrheea dhyi sttoreriacdasl tfhaete poaft ho uorf University, Istanbul background offered for each piece, the texts point to the multiple places, events, and ideas connecting 4t cc development and of the future) in the eyes of individuals in the region to others within and beyond it and across time, throwing into outline the net- 5h tt Neo-Albanianism is the following: the pro- works and communities that thrived across imperial, confessional and national boundaries. )e ii cesses of research and definition should be a vv Individually, the texts are an excellent tool for undergraduate teaching. Collectively they are much, s ee based on a scientific framework, but also on a CONTENTS much more. I heartily recommend that the series be read from beginning to end by every current and t philosophical and clear body of national ideals. would-be scholar engaged in the study of this region in order to more fully grasp the embeddedness of E IIdd Texts and Commentaries An intellectual is aware of the greatest and Texts by Nikolaos Politis, Ilarion regional actors in a world of ideas spanning Europe and the Mediterranean, and occasionally stretch- u ee most terrible danger: if he wishes to start a Ruvarac, Dimitar Marinov, Zsolt ing even farther, with traces evident in the most seemingly disparate events. Students and practiced r nn journey in the infinite and chaotic sphere of scholars alike come away with new questions that will help move the field forward.” o tt his own fantasy, he will be in danger of falling Beöthy, S¸emseddin Sami, Eugen p ii Lovinescu, Boyan Penev, Afet I˙nan, Holly Case e ttyy into error and self-disappointment. This sphere contains only fake worlds and dead Vladimir Levstik, Dimitrie Gusti, Józef Associate Professor of History, Cornell University values, which bring only sleepiness and Szujski, Titu Maiorescu, Michal “genial utopias.” Science is illumination. This Bobrzyn´ski, Garabet Ibra˘ileanu, Giorgos is the world of reality. We shall not define our “The series on ‘Collective Identity’ is a unique contribution to the study of national identity, official NRM Volume Three/2 political life through romanticism and fantasy. SJEokmvliaarnno us,e Sl kBeoRrhláidc´da,l n, GPBiaorvarlgnu˚ok, so J oTsMehfee roPxtoehkkaanarsˇi,,, hnauaistttihooornryas l ac cniatdet edtg hroear nifegiese l bdfru oot mfa r neAa udtiisovtnriidaaelnids mt ion Atsotlu btdhaineemisa neins, aegnnedan bfelrreoasml .i t T Gtohr eabtee k tt hrteou lPvyo otllruiasmnhs emnsa atakiroeens antlho. itYs bewrt ootkhrkee n af andc eot xwthtnrae tmi nthetoe- ationepresodern Tfouuhtrue re epy renoseb etloedwm thasr aodt fsi lllliiuffeem ,a iwnndaht iitcohhne . m mWeyaesn tsseh rtoioeu ssl edoe ft ultihrfnee ly useful companion volume to any academic program dealing with the comparative study of nation- aei Modernism – Henryk Sienkiewicz, Aleko Konstantinov, lns as it is, not as we want it to be. Life needs a alism and national identity.” Ctm Ion Luca Caragiale, Alexandros a solution. We cannot find this solution in a Papadiamantis, Ömer Seyfeddin, S¸tefan Selim Deringil ulttio– Representations national fantasy, because it is hidden deeper in Zeletin, Jaroslav Hasˇek, Robert Musil, Professor of History, Bog˘aziçi University urns the national spirit. This is our starting point: to e of National shed light on the deep causes of the social Gjergj Fishta, Witold Gombrowicz, ALREADY PUBLISHED: of anarchy we have inherited from the past, we Miroslav Krlezˇa, Aleksander Kamin´ski, Vol. I. Late Enlightenment – Emergence of the Modern ‘National Idea’ should hold on to the torch of sociological Culture Ioannis Psicharis, Artur Górski, Endre Vol. II. National Romanticism – The Formation of National Movements science. And this is our reference point: to build Vol. III/1 Modernism – The Creation of Nation-States the Albania of tomorrow, enlightened and civi- Ady, Dimo Kyorchev, Antun Gustav FORTHCOMING: lized, on the ruins of yesterday’s Albania—an Matosˇ, Ladislav Novomesky´, Millosh Vol. IV. Anti-Modernism – Radical Revisions of Collective Identity Albania that is not stuck in history, but civilized. Gjergj Nikolla, Tevfik Fikret, George Edited by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny Seferis, Hovsep Vartanian, Celadet Alî Volume Branko Merxhani, 1930 and Vangelis Kechriotis Bedirxan, Krste Petkov Misirkov, C E U P Three/2 entral uropean niversity ress Metropolitan Andrzej Szeptycki, Károly Kós, Romul Boila˘, Josef Pfitzner Budapest – New York Sales and information: [email protected] Website: http://www.ceupress.com Cover design by Péter Tóth ISBN 978-963-7326-64-6 DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945) TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES VOLUME III/2 MODERNISM – REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURE DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945): TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES VOLUME III/2 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE AHMET ERSOY, MACIEJ GÓRNY, VANGELIS KECHRIOTIS, MICHAL KOPEČEK, BOYAN MANCHEV, BALÁZS TRENCSÉNYI, MARIUS TURDA MODERNISM REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURE Edited by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny and Vangelis Kechriotis CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY PRESS Budapest  New York ©2010 by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček, Boyan Manchev, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda Published in 2010 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978 963 7326 64 6 cloth Series ISBN: 963 7326 51 0 ö Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Modernism : representations of national culture / edited by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny and Vangelis Kechriotis. p. cm. -- (Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945) : texts and commentaries ; v. III/2) ISBN 978-9637326646 (hardbound) 1. Modernism (Aesthetics)--Europe, Eastern--History. 2. Eastern Europe--Intellectual life. 3. National characteristics, European. I. Ersoy, Ahmet. II. Górny, Maciej, 1976- III. Kechriotis, Vangelis. IV. Title. V. Series. BH301.M54M625 2010 001.1094--dc22 2009051961 Printed in Hungary by Akadémiai Nyomda, Martonvásár Contributors Nihad Dostović, Stevo Đurašković, Ildiko Erdei, Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Rigels Halili, Nikola Iordanovski, Hamza Karčić, Vangelis Kechriotis, Ohannes Kılıçdağı, Michal Kopeček, Pavol Lukáč, Boyan Manchev, Mateja Ratej, Funda Soysal, Maria Todorova, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda Consultants Bojan Aleksov, Sorin Antohi, Franz Leander Fillafer, Guido Franzinetti, Maciej Janowski, Pavel Kolář, Antonis Liakos, István Margócsy, Diana Mishkova, Béla Rasky, Petra Rybářová Translations by Alena Alexandrova (from Bulgarian), Elena Alexieva (from Bulgarian), Randy Blasing (from Turkish), Krištof Bodrič (from Serbian), Maurice Bowra (from Hungarian), Anna Bryson (from Czech), Jeremiah Curtin (from Polish), Amila Čelebić (from Bosnian), Robert Deveraux (from Turkish), Zornitsa Dimova-Hristova (from Bulgarian), Nihad Dostović (from Bosnian), Vedran Dronjić (from Serbian), Robert Elsie (from Albanian), Ahmet Ersoy (from Turkish), Leonard Fox (from Albanian), Simon Garnett (from German), Edward Dennis Goy (from Croatian), Şirin Güneşer (from Turkish), Rigels Halili (from Albanian), Kathleen Hayes (from Czech), Nikola Iordanovski (from Macedonian), Hamza Karčić (from Bosnian), Mary Kitroeff (from Greek), Ohannes Kılıçdağı (from Armenian), Mutlu Konuk (from Turkish), Mária Kovács (from Romanian), G. J. Kovtun (from Czech), Linda Krstajić (from Serbian), Jasna Levinger-Goy (from Croatian), Zuzanna Ładyga (from Polish), Pavol Lukáč (from Slovak), Adam Makkai (from Hungarian), Janice Mathie-Heck (from Albanian), W. L. McElwee (from German), Eric Mosbacher (from Polish), Joe O’Donnell (from German), Dávid Oláh (from Hungarian), Cecil Parrott (from Czech), Derek Paton (from Czech, Slovak, and German), Burton Pike (from German), Iva Polak (from Croatian), Robert Russell (from German and Czech), Henry Wickham Steed (from Croatian), A. J. P. Taylor (from German), Marius Turda (from Romanian), Alicia Tyszkiewicz (from Polish), Olga Vuković (from Slovene), Agnieszka Wierzcholska (from German), Sophie Wilkins (from German), Peter Zollman (from Hungarian) Copy-editor Benjamin Trigona-Harany Table of Contents VOLUME III/2 Editorial note ix Chapter I. Cultural modernization: Institutionalization of “national sciences” Nikolaos Politis: Study on the life of modern Greeks ........................................ 3 The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in word and picture ..................................... 9 Ilarion Ruvarac: On prince Lazar ...................................................................... 15 Dimitar Marinov: Living antiquity ..................................................................... 20 Zsolt Beöthy: The small mirror of Hungarian literature ................................... 26 Şemseddin Sami: Turkish lexicon ...................................................................... 33 Eugen Lovinescu: The history of modern Romanian civilization ...................... 40 Boyan Penev: History of new Bulgarian literature ........................................... 48 Afet İnan: Prolegomena to an outline of Turkish history ................................. 54 Vladimir Levstik: The mission of language ....................................................... 62 Dimitrie Gusti: The science of nation ................................................................ 68 Chapter II. The “Critical turns”: Subverting the Romantic narratives Józef Szujski: Some truths from our history ...................................................... 77 Titu Maiorescu: Against the contemporary direction in Romanian culture ...... 87 Michał Bobrzyński: The outline of Polish history ............................................. 94 Garabet Ibrăileanu: The critical spirit in Romanian culture .............................. 101 Giorgos Skliros: Our social question ................................................................ 108 Bohdan Pavlů: Progressivism and conservativism in Slovakia ......................... 115 Josef Pekař: The meaning of Czech history ....................................................... 124 Jovan Skerlić: The new youth magazines and our new generations .................. 132 Giorgos Theotokas: Free spirit .......................................................................... 139 Emanuel Rádl: The war between Czechs and Germans .................................... 146 Branko Merxhani: The organization of the chaos ............................................. 154 Chapter III. Literary representations of the “national character” Henryk Sienkiewicz: With fire and sword; Teutonic knights ............................ 163 Aleko Konstantinov: Bay Ganyo ....................................................................... 172 Ion Luca Caragiale: Rromanian man and Rromanian woman ......................... 178 Alexandros Papadiamantis: Easter chanter ....................................................... 184 Ömer Seyfeddin: Primo, the Turkish child ........................................................ 190 Ştefan Zeletin: The national character of donkeys ............................................ 198 Jaroslav Hašek: The good soldier Švejk ............................................................. 206 Robert Musil: The man without qualities .......................................................... 215 Gjergj Fishta: The highland lute ........................................................................ 224 Miroslav Krleža: The Banquet in Blitva ............................................................ 230 Aleksander Kamiński: Stones for the rampart .................................................. 241 Chapter IV. Aesthetic modernism and collective identities Ioannis Psicharis: My journey ............................................................................ 251 The Czech modern ............................................................................................. 260 Artur Górski: Young Poland .............................................................................. 266 Endre Ady: I am the son of king Gog of Magog; Song of the Hungarian Jacobin .......................................................................................................... 274 Dimo Kyorchev: Our sorrows ........................................................................... 280 Antun Gustav Matoš: Art and nationalism ........................................................ 286 Ladislav Novomeský: The current state and the development of Slovak culture ........................................................................................................... 295 Millosh Gjergj Nikolla: We, the sons of the new age; The highlander recital ... 304 Tevfik Fikret: Haluk’s credo ............................................................................. 309 Witold Gombrowicz: Ferdydurke ...................................................................... 313 George Seferis: Α Greek–Makriyannis .............................................................. 322 Chapter V. Regionalism, autonomism and the minority identity-building narratives Hovsep Vartanian: The constiutitonal truths ..................................................... 333 Celadet Alî Bedirxan: The Kurdish question, its origins and causes ................ 343 Krste Petkov Misirkov: On Macedonian matters .............................................. 351 Metropolitan Andrzej Szeptycki: Address delivered at House of Lords in Vienna ........................................................................................................... 357 Károly Kós: Transylvania ................................................................................. 365 Romul Boilă: Study on the reorganization of the unified Romanian state ......... 372 Josef Pfitzner: Sudeten German history ............................................................. 379 Resolution of the Muslims of Banjaluka ............................................................ 387 Editorial note The collective work on the third “meta-theme” of the series Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): Texts and Commentaries proved to be, as is usually the case with issues of identity, a complex and open-ended endeavor. In the course of collating and editing the texts of the intended volume, the multiplicity and heterogeneity in the regional formulations of Modernism manifested itself in such a way that the magnitude of the final product exceeded the initial estimates of the editorial board. This practical constraint made it necessary to sub-divide the volume into two parts, without compromising its thematic structure. Consequently, the logic of the internal division is neither regional nor chronological. It proposes a critical investigation of two parallel and highly interconnected themes: state-centered formulations of national ideologies, on the one hand, and the philosophical and literary attempts to define national essences, national cultures and regional identities on the other. As such, the present sub-volume, concentrating on the latter theme, offers a broader insight on the diverging paths of modernity when considered alongside its other half. In the end, both parts attempt to illustrate the unprecedented and transformative role of Modernism in Central and Southeast Europe by investigating the different manifestations and regional redefinitions of the very concept of modernity.