DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945) TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES VOLUME II NATIONAL ROMANTICISM – THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL MOVEMENTS DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945) TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES EDITORIAL COMMITTEE AHMET ERSOY, MACIEJ GÓRNY, VANGELIS KECHRIOTIS, MICHAL KOPEČEK, BOYAN MANCHEV, BALÁZS TRENCSÉNYI, MARIUS TURDA DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1770–1945) TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES VOLUME II NATIONAL ROMANTICISM – THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL MOVEMENTS Edited by č Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kope ek CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY PRESS Budapest • New York ©2007 by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček, Boyan Manchev, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda Published in 2007 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 963 7326 60 X cloth 978-963-7326-60-8 Series ISBN 963 7326 51 0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945) : texts and commentaries / edited by Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopecek. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 9637326529 (v. 1) ISBN-13: 978-9637326523 (v. 1) 1. Europe, Eastern–History–Sources. 2. Nationalism–Europe, Eastern–History–Sources. 3. Ethnicity– Europe, Eastern–History–Sources. I. Trencsényi, Balázs, 1973– II. Kopecek, Michal. III. Title. DJK3.D577 2006 943.0009'034--dc22 2006000224 Printed in Hungary by Akadémiai Nyomda, Martonvásár NATIONAL ROMANTICISM – THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL MOVEMENTS Contributors Ildiko Erdei, Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Rigels Halili, Miroslav Hroch, Nikola Iordanovski, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček, Pavol Lukáč, Boyan Manchev, Teodora Shek Brnardić, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda Consultants Bojan Aleksov, Sorin Antohi, Zrinka Blažević, Guido Franzinetti, Miroslav Hroch, Maciej Janowski, Jeremy King, Paschalis Kitromilides, Pavel Kolář, László Kontler, Antonis Liakos, Elena Mannová, István Margócsy, Diana Mishkova, Robert Pynsent, Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik, Dušan Škvarna, Funda Soysal Translations by Alena Alexandrova (from Bulgarian), Elena Alexieva (from Bulgarian), Krištof Bodrič (from Serbian), Vedran Dronjić (from Serbian), Ahmet Ersoy (from Ottoman Turkish), Rigels Halili (from Albanian), Nikola Iordanovski (from Macedonian), Kevin Ireland (from Bulgarian), Rudyard Kipling (from Greek), Mary Kitroeff (from Greek and French), Hans Kohn (from Czech), Mária Kovács (from Romanian), Zuzanna Ładyga (from Polish), Pavol Lukáč (from German), Kenneth R. Mackenzie (from Polish), Gordon MacLean (from Slovak), Adam Makkai (from Hungarian), Vasa D. Mihailovich (from Serbian), Dávid Oláh (from Hungarian), Derek Paton (from Czech), Iva Polak (from Croatian), Dorothea Prall Radin (from Polish), Robert Pynsent (from Czech), Hugh Roberts (from French), Petr Roubal (from Slovak), Robert Russell (from German), Paul Selver (from Czech), George Szirtes (from Hungarian), Louise Varèse (from Polish) Copy-editor Frank Schaer Table of Contents Introduction The ‘Identity Reader’ Project .............................................................................. 1 Miroslav Hroch: National Romanticism .............................................................. 4 Chapter I. Historicizing the Nation: Images of the Past, Continuity into the Present Dániel Berzsenyi: To the Hungarians ................................................................. 21 Joseph von Hormayr: Austria and Germany ....................................................... 27 Joachim Lelewel: Legitimacy of the Polish nation .............................................. 33 Mihail Kogălniceanu: Speech for the opening of the course on national history 42 František Palacký: A History of the Czech nation in Bohemia and Moravia ...... 50 Mihály Horváth: History of the Hungarian war of independence of 1848-1849 57 Jakub Malý: Our national rebirth ........................................................................ 65 Constantinos Paparrigopoulos: History of the Hellenic nation ........................... 72 Jovan Jovanović Zmaj: Bright graves, Grandfather and grandson .................... 81 Ivan Vazov: Under the yoke ................................................................................ 87 Namık Kemal: Ottoman history ........................................................................... 94 Chapter II. Spirit of the Nation: Customs, Language, Religion Josef Jungmann: Second conversation concerning the Czech language ............. 103 Vuk Stefanović Karadžić: Little Slavo-Serbian song book of the common people .............................................................................................................. 112 Ferenc Kölcsey: National traditions, Hymn ........................................................ 117 Maurycy Mochnacki: Thoughts on how the translation of foreign belles-lettres influences Polish literature ............................................................................. 126 Charles Sealsfield: Austria as it is ....................................................................... 132 Dimitrios Vyzantios: Babel, or the local distortion of the Greek language ....... 138 Henryk Rzewuski: Moral varieties ...................................................................... 143 Ľudovít Štúr: The Slovak dialect, or the necessity of writing in this dialect ....... 148 Jevrem Grujić and Milovan Janković: South Slavs, or the Serbian nation with the Croats and the Bulgarians ........................................................................ 154 viii Simion Bărnuţiu: The public law of the Romanians ............................................ 160 Dora D’Istria: The Albanian nationality on the basis of popular songs .............. 168 Osman Hamdi Bey and Victor Marie de Launay: The popular costumes of Turkey in 1873 ................................................................................................ 174 Stefan Verkovich: Veda Slovena ......................................................................... 181 Teodosij Gologanov: Letter on the renewal of the Archbishopric of Ohrid ....... 188 Mihai Eminescu: Political articles ...................................................................... 194 Chapter III. The Nationalization of Space Ján Kollár: The Daughter of Sláva ...................................................................... 205 Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz ......................................................................... 211 István Széchenyi: Hunnia .................................................................................... 224 Ljudevit Gaj: Proclamations ............................................................................... 230 Ilija Garašanin: The draft ..................................................................................... 238 Ioannis Kolettis: Of this great idea ...................................................................... 244 Karel Havlíček Borovský: The Slav and the Czech ............................................. 249 Petition to the Emperor against the unification of Bohemia and Moravia ......... 255 Johann Majláth: An examination of the question: whether to annex the Car- pathian Slavs and Ruthenians to the Magyars ................................................ 262 Lajos Kossuth: Proposal. Concerning the future political establishment of Hungary .......................................................................................................... 268 Alecu Russo: The song of Romania ..................................................................... 277 Petar Beron: Slavic philosophy ............................................................................ 284 Ahmed Midhat Efendi: The basis of reform ........................................................ 291 Sami Frashëri: Albania, what it was, what it is and what it will be? .................. 297 Chapter IV. The Nation and Its Neighbors in Europe: Problems of Coexistence Markos Renieris: What is Greece? West or East? .............................................. 307 Viktor von Andrian-Werburg: Austria and her future ........................................ 315 František Palacký: Letter to Frankfurt, 11 April 1848 ........................................ 322 Miklós Wesselényi: Oration on the matter of the Hungarian and Slavonic nationalities ..................................................................................................... 330 Janko Drašković: Dissertation, or Treatise ......................................................... 339 Ľudovít Šuhajda: Magyarism in Hungary ........................................................... 348 Lajos Mocsáry: Nationality ................................................................................. 354 Stefan Buszczyński: The future of Austria .......................................................... 361 Svetozar Miletić: The Eastern Question .............................................................. 366 Ion C. Brătianu: Nationality ................................................................................ 373 Memorandum of the Secret Central Bulgarian Committee ................................. 380 ix Chapter V. National Heroism: Revolution and Counter-Revolution Dositej Obradović: Rise, O Serbia ....................................................................... 391 Alexandros Ypsilantis: Fight for Faith and Motherland! ................................... 396 Dionysios Solomos: Hymn to Liberty .................................................................. 403 Adam Mickiewicz: Prophecies ............................................................................ 408 Henryk Kamieński: Vital truths of the Polish nation .......................................... 421 Petar II Petrović Njegoš: The mountain wreath .................................................. 428 Franz Grillparzer: Field-marshal Radetzky ......................................................... 436 Sándor Petőfi: National song ............................................................................... 440 Requests of the Slovak nation .............................................................................. 445 Jevrem Grujić: A vision of the state ..................................................................... 451 Zsigmond Kemény: After the revolution ............................................................. 455 Nicolae Bălcescu: The course of revolution in the history of the Romanians ..... 463 Hristo Botev: Hadji Dimiter, The hanging of Vasil Levski ................................. 473 Two Macedonian manifestos ............................................................................... 478 Namık Kemal: Motherland, or Silistra ................................................................ 486 Mehmed Akif: Hymn to Independence ................................................................ 494 INTRODUCTION The ‘Identity Reader’ Project The present volume is the second one of the series entitled Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): Texts and Commentaries. The history of this venture goes back to the meeting of a group of young scholars at the Balkan Summer University in Plovdiv in 1999. Step by step, a research project, hosted by the Center for Advanced Study Sofia, was formed with the intention of bringing together and making accessible basic texts of the respective national traditions. The ensuing ‘Reader’ was envisioned as a challenge to the self-centered and ‘isolationist’ historical narratives and educational canons prevalent in the region. On the whole, the ‘Reader’ is expected to fill in the lacunae concerning the knowledge of Central and Southeast Europe pertinent to the very core of the schooling process and academic socialization in these countries. It is hoped that our project will broaden the field of possible comparisons and make researchers look at the process of nation-building in Central and Southeast Europe from a comparative perspective. The grouping of the texts follows neither the national provenience, nor stricto sensu chronological order. It is determined more by thematic similarities and resonances. The four ‘meta-themes/periods,’ around which the four volumes are organized, are the following: Late Enlightenment (the emergence of the modern ‘National Idea’); National Romanticism (the formation of national movements); Modernism (the full development of national movements and often the creation of national states); and Anti- Modernism (concentrating mainly on the radical ideologies of the inter-war period). Within these thematic units the project analyzes various aspects of identity-formation, such as ‘symbolic geography’, the symbolic representa- tion of the national community, images of the past and the production of cultural markers (i.e., national language or national character), as well as the images of the other and the ‘construction’ of identity in religious and socio-