Discourse, Grammar and Ideology Also Available From Bloomsbury An Introduction to Multimodal Analysis, David Machin Construing Experience through Meaning, M. A. K. Halliday and Christian Matthiessen Contemporary Critical Discourse Studies, edited by Christopher Hart and Piotr Cap Discourse in Context, edited by John Flowerdew Evaluation in Media Discourse, Monika Bednarek Language and Society, M. A. K. Halliday (edited by Jonathan J. Webster) Multilingual Encounters in Europe’s Institutional Spaces, edited by Johann Unger, Michał Krzyżanowski and Ruth Wodak Multimodal Discourse Analysis, edited by Kay O’Halloran The Bloomsbury Companion to Discourse Analysis, edited by Ken Hyland and Brian Paltridge Discourse, Grammar and Ideology Functional and Cognitive Perspectives Christopher Hart Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury and the Diana logo are registered trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 © Christopher Hart, 2014 Christopher Hart has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the Author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. eISBN: 978-1-4411-0135-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Christopher (Linguist) Discourse, grammar and ideology : functional and cognitive perspectives / Christopher Hart. pages cm ISBN 978-1-4411-3357-1 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4411-1741-0 (paperback) – ISBN 978-1-4411-0485-4 (epub) 1. Critical discourse analysis–Social aspects. 2. Cognitive grammar. 3. Ideology–Social aspects. 4. Language and languages–Philosophy. 5. Functionalism (Linguistics) I. Title. P302.H348 2014 401’.41–dc23 2014014858 Typeset by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India This book is dedicated to the memory of my grandfather. Thanks for everything. Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Part 1 Functional Perspectives 17 1 Representation 19 1 Introduction 19 2 Systemic Functional Grammar 19 3 Transitivity analysis 22 4 Mystification analysis 30 5 Social actor analysis 33 6 Issues in Critical Linguistics 37 7 Conclusion 41 2 Evaluation 43 1 Introduction 43 2 Appraisal Theory and SFG 44 3 Appraisal in corporate social reports 46 4 Appraisal in George W. Bush’s justification for war 59 5 Covert evaluation in media discourse on immigration 65 6 Conclusion 69 3 Visuation 71 1 Introduction 71 2 Multimodality and SFG 72 3 Actors, actions and visual implicatures: images of immigrants 76 4 Vectors, viewpoints and viewing frames in pictures of protests 81 5 Visual metaphor and intertextuality in the British Miners’ Strike 97 6 Conclusion 102 viii Contents Part 2 Cognitive Perspectives 105 4 Event-Structure and Spatial Point of View 107 1 Introduction 107 2 The cognitive perspective 108 3 Schematization in press reports of political protests 112 4 Spatial point of view in press reports of political protests 123 5 Conclusion 135 5 Metaphor 137 1 Introduction 137 2 Conceptual metaphor, blending and ideology 138 3 Metaphor and grammar 143 4 Metaphor and the London Riots 145 5 Metaphor in David Cameron’s austerity discourse 151 6 Conclusion 160 6 Deixis, Distance and Proximization 163 1 Introduction 163 2 Discourse Space Theory 164 3 Proximization in Tony Blair’s justification for action in Iraq 167 4 Proximization in the Mission Statement of the English Defence League 183 5 Conclusion 185 Afterword 187 Notes 191 Bibliography 203 Index 215 Acknowledgements This book owes a great deal to a great many people. It is not possible to name everyone who has made a contribution to it in some way or another but I hope, at least, you will know my thanks. This book was begun while working at Northumbria University and completed while working at Lancaster University. I am exceedingly grateful to the linguistics departments in both institutions for the time and space afforded to me which has enabled this project to be pursued to fruition. The intellectual space at the intersection between critical and cognitive linguistics has only relatively recently been opened. I am grateful to all those researchers who have had a hand in creating this highly productive space and whose work is reflected in this book. I am especially grateful to those people working in this area with whom I have been able to exchange ideas by distance or at international conferences, meetings and symposia. Particular thanks are due to Piotr Cap, Bertie Kaal, Laura Filardo Llamas, Lesley Jeffries, Monika Kopytowska and Juana Marín Arrese. At Lancaster University, I have found an environment which is extremely warm and supportive, both personally and professionally. I am grateful to colleagues there for making me feel so at home so quickly. Lancaster is also an epicentre for critical discourse studies. This book has benefitted enormously from the many stimulating conversations I have had with Paul Chilton, Veronika Koller, Ruth Wodak and Johnny Unger in the offices and corridors of the university (as well as in train carriages and in various station cafes across the country while stranded after cancelled or delayed services). While at Northumbria University I enjoyed numerous discussions on matters of linguistics and critical discourse studies with colleagues in the department as well as with John Richardson, Majid KhosraviNik and Darren Kelsey as part of the Newcastle and Northumbria Critical Discourse Group. I am also grateful to John, Majid and two anonymous reviewers for reading draft chapters and offering useful suggestions for improvement. All remaining oversights are, of course, my own responsibility. At the publishers, I would like to thank Gurdeep Mattu for commissioning the work (albeit in a different guise to the way it turned out) and Andrew Wardell for