DISASTERS AND THE SMALL DWELLING Page Intentionally Left Blank DISASTERS AND THE SMALL DWELLING Perspectives for the UN IDNDR Edited by YASEMIN A YSAN Director, Disaster Management Centre Oxford Polytechnic and IAN DAVIS Deputy Director, Disaster Management Centre Oxford Polytechnic ~~[iD[j]~m~ru from Routledge First published by James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. in 1992 This edition published 2013 by Earthscan For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Earthscan 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Earthscan is an imprint a/the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1992 James and James Science Publishers Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the copyright holder and the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Disasters and the small dwelling: Perspectives for the UN IDNDR. I. Title II. Aysan, Yasemin III. Davis, Ian 363.3 ISBN 978-1-873936-07-8 (hbk) Conference Sponsored by Disaster Management Centre National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research Titles of related interest from James & James Science Publishers Hydrology of Disasters. O. Starosolszky and O.M. Melder (eds). ISBN 0-907383-50-5 Power, Choice and Vulnerability: A case study in disaster mis-management in South India, 1977-88. Peter Winchester. ISBN 1-873936-05-2 Hazard Management and Emergency Planning: Perspectives on Britain. D.J. Parker and J.W. Handmer (eds). ISBN 1-873936-06-0 Typeset by Columns Design and Production Services Ltd, Reading Contents Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction I YASEMIN AY SAN and IAN DAVIS 2 Conference on 'Disasters and Small Dwelling': Opening Speech 5 MICHEL F. LECHAT 3 Disasters and the Small Dwelling - Process, Realism and Knowledge: Towards an Agenda for the IDNDR 8 IAN DAVIS and YASEMIN A YSAN 4 Review of Twelve Years' Experience of Disasters and Small Dwellings 23 FRED CUNY 5 The Global Vulnerability 30 GUSTAVO WILCHES-CHAUX 6 Materials and Construction Techniques for Disaster Protection 36 ROBIN SPENCE 7 Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Notes on the Decade of the 1990s 45 STEPHEN BENDER v CONTENTS 8 Problems in Post-Disaster Resettlement: Cross Cultural Perspectives 58 ANTHONY OLIVER-SMITH 9 The Socio-Cultural and Behavioural Context of Disasters and Small Dwellings 67 RUSSELL R. DYNES 10 A View of the Role ofNGOs in Natural Disaster Work 72 REINHARD SKINNER 11 Cross Cultural Disaster Planning: The Alice Springs Flood 77 JOHN HANDMER 12 Disasters and Housing Policy for Rural Bangladesh 88 DAVID OAKLEY 13 Choice of Technique: Housing Provision by NGOs the 1988 Floods in Bangladesh 97 JOHN BORTON and TONY BECK (with JANE PRYER, NAUSHAD FAIZ, NURUL ALAM and MIKE CHAUHAN) 14 Floods in Bangladesh: Vulnerability and Mitigation Related to Human Settlement 110 HUGH BRAMMER 15 Earthquake Reconstruction for Future Protection 119 ANDREW COBURN and IGNACIO ARMILLAS 16 Hazards Mitigation and Housing Recovery: Watsonville and San Francisco One Year Later 127 MARY C. COMERIO 17 The Reconstruction of Kalamata City after the 1986 Earthquake: Some Issues on the Process of Temporary Housing 136 MIRANDA DANDOULAKI 18 Diasaster Aid: Equity First 146 ERIC DUDLEY 19 Introducing Disaster Mitigation in a Political Vacuum: The Experiences of the Reconstruction Plan Following the Alto Mayo Earthquake, Peru, 1990 162 ANDREW MASKREY 20 Wind Effects on the Tongan 'Hurricane House' 175 GREG REARDON vi CONTENTS 21 Disaster Resistant Construction for Small Dwellings in Solomon Islands 183 CHARLES BOYLE 22 Occupant Behaviour in Earthquakes 189 MANSOUR RAHIMI 23 Rebuilding of Fao City, Iraq: A Case of Central Government Post-war Reconstruction 194 SULTAN BARAKAT 24 La Zurza: A Unique Experience in the Integral Urban Development of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 207 DAVID SCOTT LUTHER 25 Housing in El Salvador: A Case Study 218 DEBORA VASQUEZ VELAsQUEZ 26 Mitigation Program Selection and Evaluation: Assessing Effectiveness 224 PATRICIA A. BOLTON 27 Assessment of the Iranian Earthquake 20 June 1990: A Field Report 231 PATRICK STANTON (with RODERICK JARVIS, MICHAEL MARCHANT and ROBERT POVERY) Conclusions 256 Index 261 vii Page Intentionally Left Blank Acknowledgements The 'Disasters and the Small Dwelling' Conference, held at Oxford Polytechnic, in September 1990, was jointly organised by the National Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research CNCEER) of the University at Buffalo and the Disaster Management Centre CDMC) of Oxford Polytechnic. We are particularly grateful to Jelena Panteli(f, Assistant Director of NCEER, for supporting the idea and thoroughly overseeing its promotion and execution. The financial contributions of the NCEER made it possible for the USA participants to attend the Conference and introduce many new perceptions. Deborah Plotnik, Research Assistant at the NCEER, facilitated the links with us and the USA groups prior to the Conference, and Patricia Coty, of the same centre, prepared a bibliography on Small Dwellings. We are thankful for their patience and thoroughness. Many of the contributors to the Conference and to this volume have been known to us through their works over the years. We are grateful to them for sharing their experiences with the participants and revising their papers for the final publication. We are also thankful to the agencies and organisations who supported their travel and attendance. When the idea of reviewing the progress in the subject since the 1978 Conference of the same title and venue was conceived, contributors to the original meeting were contacted. Those who were available provided the much needed continuity and 'institutional memory' on the progress of the last twelve years. In this respect we are grateful to John Seaman, Frederick Cuny, Allan Taylor, Ken Westgate, Paul Oliver and Robin Spence for making the effort. Both the Conference and the production of this volume have been made possible by a large group of people. The staff from the Disaster Managemen~ ix