DIS-ORIENTING INTERACTIONS: AGATHA CHRISTIE, IMPERIAL TOURISTS, AND THE OTHER Trinidad Linares A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2018 Committee: Kristen Rudisill, Advisor Becca Cragin Stephannie Gearhart © 2018 Trinidad Linares All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Kristen Rudisill, Advisor This postcolonial feminist analysis of Agatha Christie novels uses the activity of tourism. In order to narrow the study of Christie’s work, I concentrated on Western tourists (mainly English and American) in non-Western locations such as the Middle East, the Caribbean, and South Africa. The tourists are of different social classes, but by narrowing these white Westerners by activity and behaviors performed according to that activity my research provides a more targeted approach. Focusing on The Man in the Brown Suit, Appointment with Death, Death on the Nile, Caribbean Mystery, and They Came to Baghdad, which have specifically tourist interactions with locals and tour workers, my research shows not only Orientalist attitudes presented by the protagonists and narrators, but also how such perspectives are questioned by those they other in the stories. Examining the behaviors of tourists through a postcolonial feminist lens illuminates the subject of gendered orientalism and imperial feminism―Western women are championed, often at the expense of people of color. Christie’s life experiences, especially those related to her second husband’s archaeological work in the Middle East, challenged some of her views on the superiority of the British empire and that played out in her books. Therefore, while her older protagonists like Miss Marple remained conservative and hierarchical, Victoria Jones from They Came to Baghdad could see a commonality with the people of Iraq beyond race and culture. Although they never took center stage, the people of color spoke back to the Westerners in a number of her novels, thus rupturing their perceived lack of agency. Christie’s work may romanticize the bygone days of British power, but there are enough cracks of modernity to allow the Other to shine through. iv For Tom, my love who I could not forget, and Gaya, who is just discovering the fun of Agatha Christie. Thank you for being my home. For my parents, who have always encouraged academic inquiry and a lifetime love of learning. For any avid reader who thought to themselves, “Well, that isn’t how I pictured it.” In memory of James T. Ivey, who shared my love of Agatha Christie and gave me my first copy of Caribbean Mystery. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincerest thanks to Dr. Jeremy Wallach and Dr. Esther Clinton who not only read the earliest version of this manuscript, but were always a source of support and fountains of knowledge. Studying popular culture has helped me salvage joy and hone my critical thinking skills. If I had never met you, I would not be in this program. Dr. Rebecca Kinney’s class on cultural tourism helped me create the earliest version of this thesis. The class was beneficial in looking at the approaches to cultural tourism and how literary works could be considered in relation to tourism.Her advice on how to focus one of the chapters has proved useful on guiding other chapters as well. Thank you to Dr. Stephannie Gearhart for taking on this popular culture topic. You provided me with thought-provoking questions that I think will help make my work more accessible to readers who are not necessarily Agatha Christie fans. Your comments helped ground my literary analysis. I truly appreciate Dr. Becca Cragin’s input on this committee because of her understanding of Agatha Christie’s work. Your understanding of her literary style was truly helpful in finding resources and making necessary adjustments. Thank you for giving me insight on how to structure different chapters for future publication. Last, but not least, deepest thanks to Dr. Kristen Rudisill. She has been my department advisor, my thesis chair, and professor for one core class and my two favorite seminar courses. I am truly thankful for your thorough reading and prompt reviews of my work. In a year that has been extremely busy for you, you were able to keep me to a manageable schedule. I am much obliged to you for your guidance. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...………1 Detective Fiction and the Golden Age………………………………………………...…..3 Popular Culture Popularity of Christie……………………………………………………6 Scholarship and Critics……………………………………………………………………8 Tourism………………………………………………………………………………..…14 Tools of Detection (Methodology).……………………………………… …..…………15 Research Justification……………………………………………………………………21 Notes……………………………………………………………………………………..23 CHAPTER I. QUINTESSENTIAL BRITISHNESS OF MISS MARPLE IN CARIBBEAN MYSTERY……………………………………………………………………...25 Setting the Idea of Island Otherness……………………………………………………..31 People of Color………………………………………………………………………..…35 Marple’s Sympathy………………………………………………………………………43 Artificial vs. Natural? ……………………………………………………………………45 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………46 Notes……………………………………………………………………………………..49 CHAPTER II. HIERARCHY AND SERVITUDE IN APPOINTMENT WITH DEATH and DEATH ON THE NILE ……………………………….…50 Situating Agatha Christie as Tourist and Travel Writer…………………………………53 Hercule Poirot as British Other……………………………………………………….….54 Tourism in Death on the Nile……………………………………………………………57 vii Tourism in Appointment with Death……………………………………………………65 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………73 Notes……………………………………………………………………………….……76 CHAPTER III. IMPERIAL ADVENTURESSES IN THE MAN IN THE BROWN SUIT AND THEY CAME TO BAGHDAD………………………..77 Tourism in The Man in the Brown Suit…………………………………………….……78 Tourism in They Came to Baghdad………………………………………………...……86 Ruins……………………………………………………………………………………..88 Hybridity and the Other………………………………………………………………….92 Imperial Dominance versus Respect…………………………………………………….97 The Performance of Tourism, Artifice, and the Detective Novel……………………….99 Shifting Perspective?…………………………………………………………………...101 Notes……………………………………………………………………………..……..103 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………104 Critics and Bias………………………………………………………….……………..105 Why Those Characters?………………………………………………………………...110 Illuminating the Others in Christie’s Novels…………………………………………...112 Tourists Behaviors with the Others…………………………………………………….113 Decolonization and British Subjects……………………………………………………115 White Privilege While Traveling………………………………………………………117 Dealing with Race and Gender Instead of Race versus Gender………………………..118 Outside the Limits of Research…………………………………………………………121 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...…122 viii Notes……………………………………………………………………………………125 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………………126 Linares 1 INTRODUCTION Although she may not be as famous as she once was (behind only Shakespeare and the Bible in publication during the height of her fame), Agatha Christie is still highly popular. Her prominence is her influence. The BBC keeps producing shows based on her works, there are international museum exhibits based on her work, many vacation spots in the Middle East and South Africa still use her as a reference or are visited by her fans, a new film version of Murder on the Orient Express with famous Hollywood actors was released in November 2017, and Amazon just bought the U.S. rights to adapt her work into seven new dramas. Christie is so ubiquitous that she, her novels, and her characters are referenced everywhere in popular culture as shorthand for murder and detective work. Edmund Wilson’s essay title “Who Cares Who Killed Roger Ackyroyd?” shows scholars use the brand recognition of Christie and her work to attack the detective fiction genre.1 In spite of this or possibly because of this, she has not garnered the same respect of academic researchers as some of her lesser known male counterparts, like Anthony Berkeley and John Dickinson Carr. While there are exceptions, works written by male authors or even an obscure writer are more likely to obtain elite status. Agatha Christie outsold many male mystery writers. As such, she did not appeal to the chauvinist male academics who would willingly take on the role of male savior. Even Martin Edwards, who takes a more even-handed approach towards Christie in The Golden Age of Murder, ends up waxing poetic about the potential of Anthony Berkeley. Berkeley had a severely limited output compared to Christie which Martin suggests is due to her complicated personal life. However, that ignores the drama that went on in Christie’s life, from an affair that ended her marriage to her disappearance that led to a field day for the newspapers to the devastation of World War II. Yet, she still managed to write through it all and wrote books that readers still wanted to read. Linares 2 Christie started publishing during the beginning of British modern travel, which was still the heyday of colonialism and the British empire. Her first book, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, was published in 1920 and was well-received. Her works started out as part of what is considered the Golden Age, a period of expansion of detective fiction between the world wars which eventually led to the modern detective novel. Although Christie’s short story “Manx Gold,” is the only publication to be directly associated with tourism (it was part of a treasure hunt to promote tourism to the Isle of Man), many of Christie’s works have influenced tourists to travel to locations in her books or places Christie cited as inspiration for her stories (Medawar 116- 121). The novels have influenced the way that many Westerners view places like Syria, Egypt. Iraq, and South Africa because Christie used locations from her own tourist experiences in her writing. While her work does not offer detailed descriptions, Christie mentions the names of real places, some of which still exist. In addition, museum exhibits of her life and work underline how her work, as imperial tourist narrative, appear to celebrate Orientalism. Then the museum exhibit subsequently becomes a tourist attraction in and of itself. Christie maintained Orientalist views in spite of her travels and she passed them on to her readers, who are both literary and armchair tourists, which makes it important to analyze her depictions of tourists and their gaze. The novels A Caribbean Mystery, The Man in the Brown Suit, They Came to Baghdad, Appointment with Death, and Death on the Nile are long enough for an investigation as to whether the benevolent racism in Christie’s work is reinforced, contradicted, or simply goes unchallenged.2 In my thesis, I am concerned with the specific interaction between the Western tourists and those they considered as Others. In novels, the main narrative may be challenged by the voices of the other characters. Since there are different narrators for the novels (and sometimes multiple ones within the same novel), I will address differences in their viewpoints.