This page intentionally left blank Diplomatic Theory of International Relations Diplomacydoesnottakeplacesimplybetweenstatesbutwhereverpeople liveindifferentgroups.PaulSharparguesthatthedemandfordiplomacy, andtheneedfortheinsightsofdiplomatictheory,areontherise.Incontrast to conventional texts which use international relations theories to make senseofwhatdiplomacyanddiplomatsdo,thisbookexploreswhatdiplo- macy and diplomats can contribute to the big theoretical and practical debatesininternationalrelationstoday.PaulSharpidentifiesadiplomatic tradition of international thought premised on the way people live in groups, the differences between intra- and inter-group relations, and the perspectives which those who handle inter-group relations develop about thesortsofinternationaldisputeswhichoccur.Hearguesthatthelessonsof diplomacyarethatweshouldbereluctanttojudge,readytoappease,and alerttothepartialgroundsonwhichmostuniversalclaims abouthuman beingsaremade. paul sharp is Professor and Head of Political Science at the University ofMinnesota,Duluth. Cambridge Studies in International Relations: 111 DiplomaticTheoryofInternationalRelations EDITORS ChristianReus-Smit NicholasJ.Wheeler EDITORIAL BOARD JamesDerDerian,MarthaFinnemore,LeneHansen,RobertKeohane, RachelKerr,ColinMcInnes,JanAartScholte,PeterVale, KeesVanDerPijl,JuttaWeldes,JenniferWelsh,WilliamWohlforth Cambridge Studies in International Relations is a joint initiative of Cambridge University Press and the British International Studies Association (BISA). The series will include a wide range of material, from undergraduate textbooks and surveystoresearch-basedmonographsandcollaborativevolumes.Theaimofthe seriesistopublishthebestnewscholarshipinInternationalStudiesfromEurope, NorthAmericaandtherestoftheworld. Cambridge Studies in International Relations 110 JohnA.Vasquez Thewarpuzzlerevisited 109 RodneyBruceHall Centralbankingasglobalgovernance ConstructingFinancialCredibility 108 MiljaKurki Causationininternationalrelations Reclaimingcausalanalysis 107 RichardM.Price Morallimitandpossibilityinworldpolitics 106 EmmaHaddad Therefugeeininternationalsociety Betweensovereigns 105 KenBooth Theoryofworldsecurity 104 BenjaminMiller States,nationsandthegreatpowers Thesourcesofregionalwarandpeace 103 BeateJahn(ed.) Classicaltheoryininternationalrelations 102 AndrewLinklaterandHidemiSuganami TheEnglishSchoolofinternationalrelations Acontemporaryreassessment 101 ColinWight Agents,structuresandinternationalrelations Politicsasontology 100 MichaelC.Williams Therealisttraditionandthelimitsofinternationalrelations 99 IvanArreguín-Toft Howtheweakwinwars Atheoryofasymmetricconflict Serieslistcontinuedafterindex Diplomatic Theory of International Relations paul sharp UniversityofMinnesota,Duluth CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521760263 © Paul Sharp 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-65173-1 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-76026-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. ToJanny,PatrickandCaroline Iamsuggestingthataftermanyofthemoreincidentalfeatures ofthecasehavebeenpeeledaway,weshallfindattheheartof everythingakernelofdifficultywhichisessentiallyaproblem ofdiplomacyassuch. HerbertButterfield,“TheTragicElementinModern InternationalConflict,”inHerbertButterfield,History andHumanRelations,p.26