Dinosaurs Discovered by Dean R. Lomax 001_Half_title.indd 1 02/08/18 2:37 PM Dinosaurs Discovered by Dean R. Lomax 001_Half_title.indd 1 02/08/18 2:37 PM Editors Katy Lennon, Kritika Gupta, Abhijit Dutta Project Art Editors Emma Hobson, Yamini Panwar Art Editor Shubham Rohatgi US Editor Jennette ElNaggar US Senior Editor Shannon Beatty Jacket Coordinator Francesca Young Jacket Designer Dheeraj Arora DTP Designers Dheeraj Singh, Mohd Rizwan Picture Researcher Sakshi Saluja Producer, Pre-Production Dragana Puvacic Producer Barbara Ossawska Managing Editors Laura Gilbert, Monica Saigal Managing Art Editor Diane Peyton Jones Deputy Managing Art Editor Ivy Sengupta Delhi Team Head Malavika Talukder Creative Director Helen Senior Publishing Director Sarah Larter Reading Consultant Linda Gambrell Educational Consultant Jacqueline Harris DK Digital Content, London Digital Producer Alex Valizadeh Digital Operations, Delhi Production co-ordinator Manish Bhatt First American Edition, 2018 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. eISBN: 9781465484581 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 [email protected] The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 3 Dorling Kindersley: Robert L. Braun (b). 4 Levi Shinkle: Wyoming Dinosaur Center. 5 Dorling Kindersley: Dorset Dinosaur Museum (br). 6-7 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (b). 7 Dorling Kindersley: Dorset Dinosaur Museum (cr). 8-9 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Alberta, Canada. 10 Dorling Kindersley: Dorset Dinosaur Museum (crb); Peter Minister, Digital Sculptor (ca); Natural History Museum, London (cr, clb). 11 123RF.com: Vadim Sadovski (tl). Alamy Stock Photo: Michele Falzone (bc). Dorling Kindersley: The American Museum of Natural History (cr/Barosaur bone); Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Alberta, Canada (cr); Natural History Museum, London (cr/Skull, cr/Triceratops Skull, cr/Brachiosaurus femur, cr/Edaphosaurus, cr/Megalosaurus). Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Canada: (crb). 12 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (c, clb). 13 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (cla, tr, c, bl). Fotolia: Michael Rosskothen (crb). 15 Alamy Stock Photo: Nikreates. 16 Dorling Kindersley: Dorset Dinosaur Museum (tr). 16-17 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes (b). 18-19 Depositphotos Inc: mic1805. 20-21 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn. 22 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd. 23 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (cla); Granger Historical Picture Archive (cra); The Natural History Museum (cr). Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery: Dean Lomax (clb). 24-25 Alamy Stock Photo: Stocktrek Images, Inc.. 26 Getty Images: Bernard Weil / Toronto Star. 31 Alamy Stock Photo: John Cancalosi. 32-33 Alamy Stock Photo: Mohamad Haghani (b). 32 Alamy Stock Photo: The Natural History Museum (tr). 34 Alamy Stock Photo: Stocktrek Images, Inc. (bc); Universal Images Group North America LLC / DeAgostini (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Robert L. Braun (cb). 35 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (cla, cra, clb). 36 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes (bl). 38-39 Alamy Stock Photo: MasPix (b). 39 University of Toronto Mississauga: (tr). 40-41 Getty Images: Rodolfo Nogueira / Stocktrek Images. 42 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Alberta, Canada (t). 44-45 Dreamstime.com: Nicemonkey / Michael Travers. 44 Dreamstime. com: Santos06 (crb). iStockphoto.com: Mark Kostich (cb). Prehistoric Fossils (Formerly Indiana9 Fossils): (cb/Ankylosaurus). 45 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (c). Getty Images: Kim Steele (tl). Mary Evans Picture Library: Natural History Museum (clb). 46-47 123RF.com: Dmitry Pichugin (b). Alamy Stock Photo: Mohamad Haghani. 48-49 123RF.com: Mark Turner (cb). 49 123RF.com: Mark Turner (tr). 50-51 Royal Tyrrell Museum / Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture. 53 Alamy Stock Photo: Javier Etcheverry. 54 Getty Images: Mark Stevenson / Stocktrek Images (bl). 55 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes (tr). 56 123RF.com: Oleksiy (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (cb). Dreamstime.com: Jason Stitt / Keeweebo (c). 57 Alamy Stock Photo: Mohamad Haghani (tr) Cover images: Front: Dreamstime.com: Boborsillo bl; iStockphoto.com: Binty All other images © Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com US_002-003_Imprint_contents.indd 2 02/08/18 2:37 PM Contents 4 Chapter 1: Who Studies Dinosaurs? 10 Dinosaur Discoveries 12 Dinosaur Map 14 Chapter 2: Wonders of Europe 22 Mother of Paleontology 24 Dinosaur Attack 26 Chapter 3: Digging in Asia 34 Days of the Dinosaurs 36 Living with Dinosaurs 38 Chapter 4: African Adventures 44 Dinosaur Teeth 46 Chapter 5: Giants of America 54 Dinosaurs of Australia and Antarctica 56 Can I Find a Dinosaur? 58 Quiz 60 Glossary 62 Index Styracosaurus. The dinosaur illustrations shown in this book are artists’ ideas of how dinosaurs might have looked, based on the scientific evidence available. US_002-003_Imprint_contents.indd 3 02/08/18 2:37 PM Chapter 1 Who Studies Dinosaurs? From vast deserts to high mountains, dinosaur bones are found all around the world. Each new dinosaur discovery has its own story to tell about prehistoric life. A team of paleontologists, including Dean Lomax (left), at an excavation site. US_004-009_Chapter_1.indd 4 02/08/18 2:37 PM People who study dinosaurs and prehistoric life are called paleontologists. They are interested in everything from dinosaurs to plants to mammoths and fossilized poops—called coprolites! Fossils are the remains, or traces, of prehistoric animals and plants that have been left in rocks. They can be preserved in rocks for millions of years and can give us clues about the history of our planet. From fossils, paleontologists can find out what dinosaurs ate, how big they were, and even what color they were. People of all ages find dinosaurs interesting, and right now, there are more paleontologists than there have ever been before. A coprolite made by a prehistoric shark. 5 US_004-009_Chapter_1.indd 5 02/08/18 2:37 PM Only a tiny number of animals are ever found as fossils. For a dinosaur to become a fossil, it must have died in special conditions. Many fossils are created when an animal dies close to (or in) water. It then becomes buried by mud or sand at the bottom of the water, called sediment. Over time, the soft parts of its body rot away, leaving just the hard parts, such as bones and teeth. About 150 million years ago Skeleton is covered by sediment An Allosaurus dies Over millions of years the near a river. sediment turns to rock. 6 US_004-009_Chapter_1.indd 6 02/08/18 2:37 PM As the skeleton is buried deeper, the bones and teeth are replaced by minerals. These minerals then become the fossil. In rare examples, even the animal’s skin can be found as part of the fossil. Fossilized dinosaur skin. Millions of years later Today As rock layers form, the The fossilized skeleton is fossilized skeleton is buried exposed at the surface. deeper underground. 7 US_004-009_Chapter_1.indd 7 02/08/18 2:37 PM When paleontologists discover a new dinosaur, they get to name it. On average, paleontologists announce a new species of dinosaur every two weeks! Amazingly, more than 1,400 species are currently known. US_004-009_Chapter_1.indd 8 02/08/18 2:37 PM