DINOSAURS AND THE BIBLE by Bert Thompson, Ph.D. and A.P. Staff Copyright © Apologetics Press All rights reserved. This document may be printed or stored on computer media, on the condition that it will not be republished in print, on-line (including reposting on any personal Web sites, cor- porate Web sites, organizational Web sites, electronic bulletin boards, etc.), or on computer media, and will not be used for any commercial purposes. Further, it must be copied with source statements (publisher, author, title, bibliographic references, etc.), and must include this paragraph granting limited rights for copying and reproduction, along with the name and address of the publisher and owner of these rights, as listed below. Except for those exclusions mentioned above, and brief quotations in articles or critical reviews, or distribution for educational purposes (including students in classes), no part of this document may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher. Apologetics Press, Inc. 230 Landmark Drive Montgomery, AL 36117 U.S.A. 334/272-8558 800/234-8558 www.ApologeticsPress.org DINOSAURS AND THE BIBLE by Bert Thompson, Ph.D. and Brad T. Bromling, D.Min. INTRODUCTION Dinosaurs! Iguanodon, Struthiomimus, Podokesaurus, Triceratops, Styracosaurus, Stegosaurus, Tra- chodon, Psitticosaurus, Brontosaurus, Tyrannosaurus. Who were these strange creatures with poly-syllabic names? Whence did they come? Where did they go? Or did they ever even really exist—these magnifi- cent creatures of the past, some of which stood over 3½ stories tall, and weighed over 90 tons? The an- swers to these, and many other related questions, form an interesting part of the creation/evolution con- troversy. Such questions frequently are “bothersome” to sincere seekers of truth concerning the question of origins. And so it is to the dinosaurs, and what the Bible and science have to say about them, that we now turn our attention. DID THE DINOSAURS REALLY EXIST? Did the dinosaurs really exist? There is no doubt about it. Dinosaurs really did exist. The first dis- covery of the dinosaurs as far as “recent” times is concerned came in the spring of 1822. Gideon Mantell, a country doctor in England with a life-long passion for collecting fossils, set off via horse and buggy to visit a patient. His wife Mary Ann went along for the ride. While Dr. Mantell attended to the patient, Mrs. Mantell took a stroll and came across a pile of stones that had been placed alongside the road to be used for filling ruts caused by the spring rains. In those stones, she glimpsed some very large fossil teeth. She showed them to her husband who was amazed, never having seen such huge teeth before. He went to the quarry from which the stones had been cut and found more teeth similar to those found by his wife. Though he showed the teeth to several scientists, none agreed with him that they were from some kind of heretofore-unknown creature. He, however, was stubbornly sure that they were. In 1825, he finally named the long-dead owner of the teeth an Iguanodon (“iguana-tooth”) since the teeth were like those of an iguana but much larger. Several years later more teeth like these were discovered in a different quarry. Now no one doubted that Iguanodon lived. Meanwhile, huge bones of a Megalosaurus had been dug up - 2 - farther away in Oxfordshire. By 1842, enough of these fossils had been discovered to convince the lead- ing British anatomist, Richard Owen, that a whole tribe of huge, lizard-like reptiles had lived in the dis- tant past. Based on his studies, he named them “dinosaurs” (from the Greek words deinos and sauros, translated by him as “fearfully great lizards”)—today known to us as “terribly great lizards.” Soon American fossil hunters joined the search. The climax came in March 1877 when two school- masters, Arthur Lakes and O.W. Lucas, separately stumbled onto colossal fossil bones projecting from the rocks in different parts of Colorado. Lakes revealed his find to the well-known paleontologist, Othniel Marsh. Meanwhile, Lucas showed his finds to Marsh’s bitter rival, Edward Cope. Marsh and Cope be- came the most famous “dinosaur hunters.” All told, Cope named nine new genera of dinosaurs, compared to Marsh’s total of nineteen. Now no one who bothered to keep up with the times doubted the existence of the dinosaurs. The question no longer was, “Did the dinosaurs exist?” The question was, and still is, “When did the dinosaurs exist?” And therein lies the controversy, even today. WHEN DID THE DINOSAURS EXIST? The Bible Says... Knowledgeable, conservative Bible students are fully aware of the plain and simple teachings of the Bible on creation of all life forms—including the dinosaurs. Exodus 20:11 (cf. Exodus 31:17) simply could not be any clearer than it is: “For in six days Jehovah made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested on the seventh day...” (emp. added). If in the six days of creation God made the heav- ens, the Earth, the seas, and all that in them is, what does that leave out? The answer, of course, is abso- lutely nothing. If God created everything in six days, then everything created was created in those six days. It would be difficult to imagine anything clearer or plainer than what God said He did. [We are aware, of course, of the attempts of some to avoid the implications of this teaching, via the Day-Age Theory and/or the Gap Theory. A refutation of these false concepts is provided in Thompson, 1995.] What, then, does this mean? Simply put, it means that dinosaurs and men lived as contemporaries on the Earth. There is no other conclusion that can be drawn, respecting the verbally inspired Word of - 3 - God. For some, of course, this conclusion simply is not acceptable, and they therefore have gone to great lengths to try to avoid the implications of the Bible’s instruction on this subject. Consider, for example, these quotations from John N. Clayton: 1. “If dinosaurs existed 200 million years before Adam and Eve it does not present any problem to a literal understanding of the Genesis record” (n.d.[b], p. 16). 2. “I have no way of telling where man’s beginning should be on the chart (of geological time—BT). Clearly man has became the dominant form of life on the Earth only in modern times, but where Adam and Eve fitted into this picture is unclear” (n.d.[b], p. 35, emp. added). 3. “Birds, mammals and man are mentioned; and all of these are recent additions to the earth geologi- cally” (1977, p. 151). 4. Man “is a very recent newcomer to this planet” (n.d.[a], p. 8). 5. “Genesis 1:1 simply says, ‘In the beginning God created the Heaven and the Earth.’ The verse is undated, untimed, and without details as to how this was done. Tradition has said that the first verse is an instantaneous event and that verses 2-31 detail how it was done. It does not seem consis- tent to this writer with the flow of the language and the message.... Could not dinosaurs and many other forms have been involved in the production of an Earth ready for man? ...I further submit for your consideration that some time may be involved in this verse and that natural processes may have been used as well as miraculous ones to prepare the Earth for man” (1982, pp. 5-6, emp. added). Compare such statements as “man is a very recent newcomer to this planet” with statements from Je- sus Christ: “But from the beginning of the creation, male and female made he them” (Mark 10:6; cf. Mat- thew 19:4). Or compare such statements as “all of these are recent additions to the earth geologically” to statements of the inspired apostle Paul: “For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity; that they may be without excuse” (Romans 1:20). The term “perceived” is from the Greek noeo, a word used for rational, human intelligence. Paul’s implication is that someone human was “perceiving.” Per- ceiving what? The things that were made. And how long had this been occurring? Since the creation of the world. Who had “perceived” these things? Adam (1 Corinthians 15:45; Romans 5:14) and Eve (1 Timothy 2:13) were their names, and they were present “since the creation of the world.” One might wonder, if dinosaurs were created during the creation week of Genesis 1-2, why are they not mentioned in the Bible? A similar question may illustrate the folly of this type of thinking: “If God created cats and kangaroos, why are they not mentioned in the Bible?” The Bible is not a zoology text; its purpose is no more to catalog every species of animal than it is to list every human who has lived or ever - 4 - will live. When we read that “all things were made by Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made” (John 1:3), we are told by implication that the creation week included cats, kangaroos—and dino- saurs! Does the Bible mention specifically the creatures that we classify as “dinosaurs”? To answer this question, we need to study three Hebrew words: behemoth, tannim, and leviathan. These terms often are used to describe unusual creatures in the Bible. There can be only three possible explanations for the iden- tity of these creatures: (1) they were mythological creatures that had no true existence in reality; (2) they were non-dinosaurian creatures (living or extinct) that can be identified in the ecosystem of the ancient world; or (3) they were now-extinct creatures that are classified as dinosaurs (and dinosaur-like crea- tures). The first option fails to satisfy the conservative student who accepts the Bible as the inspired Word of God. To such a person, the Bible does not contain the fabrications of heathen imagination. The second option is acceptable when one finds such creatures that fit the biblical description. The third option, al- though often unpopular, fits the data best in certain passages, as this study will show. In order to arrive at this conclusion, these three words must be considered in their appropriate contexts. First, the word behemoth occurs with certainty one time in the Hebrew text (Harris, et.al., 1980, p. 93). In form, behemoth is the same as the plural of behema—the Hebrew word for “beast.” However, be- hemoth is used as a singular word in Job 40:15, indicating that a specific animal is being described. Some writers suggest that the word appears in two other passages (Brown, et. al., 1979, p. 97). In Psalm 73:22 the psalmist called himself foolish, ignorant, and “as a beast [behemoth] before Jehovah.” Isaiah 30:6 speaks of “the burden of the beasts [behemoth] of the south.” If these verses indeed refer to behemoth, neither is specific enough to reveal the nature of the animal mentioned. However, Job 40:15-24 is very explicit in its description of behemoth. A particular animal obviously is in focus. The creature thus described was herbivorous, massive in size (with extremely strong muscles and bones), had a noteworthy tail, dwelt near water, and was fearless. Note the description: Behold now, behemoth, which I made as well as thee; he eateth grass as an ox. Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the muscles of his belly. He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his thighs are knit together. His bones are as tubes of brass; his limbs are like bars of iron. He is the chief of - 5 - the ways of God: He only that made him giveth him his sword. Surely the mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field do play. He lieth under the lotus trees, in the covert of the reed, and the fen. The lotus trees cover him with their shade; the willows of the brook compass him about. Behold, if a river overflow, he trembleth not; he is confident, though a Jordan swell even to his mouth. Shall any take him when he is on the watch, or pierce through his nose with a snare (Job 40:15-24). What is this behemoth? Some have argued that it is an elephant or hippopotamus. While the habitat may be fitting, there are some difficulties with this view. First, and perhaps most obvious, neither of these creatures possesses a noteworthy tail. Second, the behemoth is said to be “chief of the ways of God.” If this phrase is taken to indicate size (which is reasonable), it would rule out the hippo since at his full size he is but seven feet high. Although an elephant may be twice as tall as a hippo, he still is dwarfed by the dinosaurs (some of which reached heights of up to 3 stories and weights of over 90 tons). While it is in- appropriate to be dogmatic, it does seem that a dinosaur (such as Brachiosaurus or Apatosaurus) could be under consideration in Job 40. The second word that sheds light upon this topic is tannin (and its plural form tannim), which has been translated in various ways in English versions. Of the sixteen times that the word occurs in the He- brew scriptures, the King James Version (KJV) renders tannin as “whale(s)” three times, “dragon(s)” nine times, “serpent(s)” three times, and “sea monsters” one time. The American Standard Version (ASV) em- ploys the terms “serpent(s)” five times, “sea-monster(s)” six times, “monster” three times, and “jackals” two times in its translations of tannin. This seems to indicate that either the word is of a generic character so as to include these variations of meaning, or else the word is too obscure to confidently assign it a con- sistent definition. Of these two, the first option is to be preferred when one considers the contexts that surround the word. Representative of these is Genesis 1:21: “And God created the great sea-monsters [tannim], and every living creature that moveth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after their kind” (ASV). This verse clearly is a listing of the broad categories of sea life that were created on day five, rather than a listing of particular sea creatures. This fact alone shows the KJV rendering of “whales” in this verse to be inappro- priate. Similarly, other passages use tannin in a general sense to refer to a sea creature of perhaps enor- mous and frightful dimensions (Job 7:12; Psalm 74:13; 148:7; et al.). - 6 - Specific creatures of somewhat smaller dimensions apparently are indicated in other passages. For example, the parallelism in Psalm 91:13 shows that tannin could be used to refer to some sort of serpent: “Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the serpent [tannin] shalt thou trample un- der foot.” In other passages tannin is used representatively of great powers over which Jehovah has mas- tery (cf. Isaiah 27:1; 51:9; et al.). In a familiar passage, Aaron’s rod was cast to the floor in Pharaoh’s court and was transformed into a tannin. The English versions call it a serpent, which likely is correct. Interestingly, Henry Morris has suggested: “If one will simply translate tannim by ‘dinosaurs,’ every one of the...uses of the word becomes perfectly clear and appropriate” (1984, p. 352). While this view likely goes too far, there may be some validity to it. It seems more probable that tannin refers to a general category of reptiles of various sizes, some of which may have been dinosaurs and/or dinosaur-like crea- tures. [NOTE: The plural form of “jackal” apparently was confused with tannim about twelve times in the KJV. Hence, the translators used the word “dragons” when they should have used the word “jackals.”] The third word to consider is leviathan. Of its six occurrences in the Hebrew text, the KJV transliter- ates the word five times as “leviathan” (Job 41:1; Psalm 74:14; 104:26; Isaiah 27:1), and renders it “mourning” one time (Job 3:8). The ASV uses the transliteration every time. In Job 3:8, the patriarch de- cries the day of his birth and says: “Let them curse it that curse the day, who are ready to rouse up levia- than” (Job 3:8). Job’s meaning is unclear. It may be that he (speaking in hyperbole) was suggesting that if aroused, leviathan may have blackened the day of his birth—thereby eliminating its occurrence. Regard- less, this passage tells little of leviathan’s nature. In Psalm 74:13-15 the writer describes the majestic strength of Jehovah by ascribing these accom- plishments to Him: Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: Thou brakest the heads of the sea-monsters [tannin] in the wa- ters. Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces; Thou gavest him to be food to the people inhabiting the wilderness. Thou didst cleave fountain and flood: Thou driedst up the mighty rivers. In this context, leviathan is considered as a creature on the same fearful scale as the ocean and sea- monsters; in fact, it probably is an inhabitant of the seas. Psalm 104:26 confirms this habitat and portrays leviathan on a scale with ships. Added to these sparse facts is the very descriptive text of leviathan in Job - 7 - 41. Many scholars have supposed that the leviathan of Job 41 was a crocodile; even the chapter title in the ASV is “God’s power in the crocodile depicted.” There are some possible similarities between the levia- than and the crocodile, but the differences are so numerous and significant that they cannot be ignored. Consider these dissimilarities: 1. “His [the leviathan’s] sneezings flash forth light...out of his mouth go burning torches, and sparks of fire leap forth out of his nostrils a smoke goeth...his breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth forth from his mouth” (verses 18-21). Crocodiles do not have capacity to breathe fire. If one suggests that this is highly figurative, then to what do the words fire, smoke, and flame refer as concerns the crocodile? 2. “When he raiseth himself up, the mighty are afraid: by reason of consternation they are beside them- selves…. He beholdeth everything that is high: he is king over all the sons of pride” (verses 25,34). The crocodile is not much more frightening when he stands than when he sits, since his legs are so short. How could it be said of the crocodile “he beholdeth every thing that is high”? 3. “If one lay at him with the sword, it cannot avail; nor the spear, the dart, nor the pointed shaft…. Clubs are counted as stubble: he laugheth at the rushing of the javelin. His underparts are like sharp potsherds” (verses 26,29-30). Although the hide that covers the crocodile’s back is extremely thick and difficult to penetrate, this is not true of his belly. The crocodile is most vulnerable to spears and javelins on his underside; hence, it could not be said of him that, “his underparts are like sharp potsherds.” 4. “He maketh the deep to boil like a pot.... He maketh a path to shine after him; one would think the deep to be hoary” (verses 31-32). The leviathan causes such commotion in the water that he leaves behind a churning wake; contrastingly, the crocodile is a stealthy swimmer. These are just a few incongruities that remove the crocodile as a possible candidate for the leviathan. Regardless of the similarities that one might find (and they are indeed difficult to discover), these dissimi- larities are incontrovertible. Although it may not be possible to single out the one creature that alone could be called leviathan, the possibility that it was a dinosaur-like, sea-dwelling reptile cannot be dis- missed. So, while the Bible does speak indirectly (Exodus 20:11) of dinosaurs, it also is possible that direct references are made to these creatures (e.g., Job 40-41). Regardless, Bible teaching is plain. Men and di- - 8 - nosaurs lived upon the Earth at the same time. No other view acknowledges the verbal, plenary inspira- tion of God’s Word. Science Says... But what about the evolutionists’ claims that dinosaurs lived from 200 million to 65 million years ago, becoming extinct long before man ever came on the scene? How do we correlate the Bible’s teach- ings with these claims? First, let us state emphatically that there is no way to “square” the Bible’s teaching of a six-day crea- tion of all forms of life with evolutionary theories. It simply cannot be done, while at the same time leav- ing both the Bible and evolutionary theory intact. Second, let us point out that the evolutionary claims of dinosaurs living and becoming extinct long before man ever arrived are at odds with what the real scientific facts have to say. Science bears out that the Bible is correct: man and the dinosaurs lived at the same time. Consider the following: (A) In the early 1900s, Dr. Samuel Hubbard, Honorary Curator of Archaeology at the Oakland, Cali- fornia Museum of Natural History, was excavating old Indian dwellings in the Hava Supai Canyon in Arizona. High on the walls of the canyon in which the Indians’ ancestors lived long ago, Dr. Hubbard found elegant drawings of an elephant, an ibex, a dinosaur, and other “beasts.” He stated concerning the dinosaur drawing: “Taken all in all, the proportions are good.” He further suggested that the huge reptile is “depicted in the attitude in which man would be most likely to see it—reared on its hind legs, balancing with the long tail, either feeding or in fighting position, possibly defending itself against a party of men” (as quoted in Verrill, 1954, pp. 155ff.). Nearby were dinosaur tracks preserved in the stratum identified as Triassic—alleged to be more than 165 million years old. How did the Indians know how to draw such perfect pictures of an animal (the dinosaur) that they never had seen? (B) According to the evolutionary timetable, the Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era com- menced more than 280 million years ago. Man allegedly didn’t “evolve” until one to two million years ago. Be that as it may, human footprints have been found repeatedly in Carboniferous formations. “The tracks are in formations considered to be Upper Carboniferous (250 million years old) and show five toes - 9 - and an arch which is unquestionably human. The tracks are 9½ inches long and 4.1 inches broad at the heel. The width at the forward end of the track, by the toes, was 6 inches. The being that left the tracks was a biped that walked uprightly like a human” (Wilder-Smith, 1970, p. 300). Evolutionist Albert G. Ingalls noted that such tracks were found in Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and even westward toward the Rocky Mountains. He was very impressed by the human-like appearance of the footprints. Clearly seeing, however, the logical conclusion that would necessarily follow if they were ac- cepted as human, he was led to state: If man, or even his ape ancestor, or even the ape ancestor’s early mammal ancestor, existed as far back as in the carboniferous period in any shape, then the whole science of geology is so completely wrong that all geologists will resign their jobs and take up truck driving. Hence, for the present at least, science rejects the attractive explanation that man made these mysterious prints in the mud of the carboniferous period with his feet (Ingalls, 1940, p. 14, emp. added). Evolutionists may make jokes regarding such finds, but the evidence against evolution and for man living as a contemporary with supposed “ancient” creatures is mounting. (C) The trilobite, a small marine arthropod with a hard exoskeleton, is considered so important as to be classified as an “index fossil” for the earliest period of the Paleozoic Era, the Cambrian Period. These creatures allegedly flourished a half-billion years before man arrived on the scene. In June of 1968, how- ever, William J. Meister, an amateur fossilologist, was working near Antelope Springs, Utah and made a discovery that was to destroy that evolutionary supposition. Working his way up the side of a mountain over 2,000 feet to a ledge above, he broke open a slab of rock with his hammer. Imagine his astonishment when he “saw on one side the footprint of a human with trilobites right in the footprint itself. The other half of the rock slab showed an almost perfect mold of the footprint and fossils. Amazingly the human was wearing a sandal” (as quoted in Lammerts, 1976, pp. 186-187). Numerous other human prints, both adult and child, have since been found in the area. The contemporaneousness of man and the trilobite ef- fectively collapses a half-billion years of the geologic column. (D) According to the belief commonly held by evolutionists, no advanced mammals were present in the “age of the reptiles.” The dinosaurs allegedly became extinct in the Cretaceous Period, and the only mammals that had evolved at that point (even at the very end of the period) supposedly were “small,