Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations Ronald de Bruin KPMG Jan Smits EindhovenCentreofInnovationStudies(ECIS) EindhovenUniversityofTechnology TheNetherlands Artech House Boston • London LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bruin,Ronaldde. Digitalvideobroadcasting:technology,standards,andregulations/ RonalddeBruin,JanSmits. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-89006-743-0(alk.paper) 1.Digitaltelevision. 2.Televisionbroadcasting. I.Smits,Jan II.Title. IV.Series TK6678.B78 1998 384.55—dc21 98-51785 CIP BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Bruin,Ronaldde Digitalvideobroadcasting:technology,standards,andregulations 1.Digitaltelevision I.Title II.Smits,J.M.,1953– 621.3’88 ISBN1-58053-391-4 CoverdesignbyLyndaFishbourne ©1999ARTECHHOUSE,INC. 685CantonStreet Norwood,MA02062 Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartof thisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservice markshavebeenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccu- racyofthisinformation.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedas affectingthevalidityofanytrademarkorservicemark. InternationalStandardBookNumber:0-89006-743-0 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:98-51785 10987654321 ToSusannewhoseeyesmirrorthetruevaluesoflife. RonalddeBruin ToSaskiawhoalwaysencouragesmetoexplorenewfrontiersinscienceand lawandtoJan-Paulwhohasbroughtsomuchjoyandtheconvictionthat thefuturewillbebright. JanSmits Contents Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xx 1 Historyofdigitaltelevision 1 RonalddeBruin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Mechanicaltelevision 2 1.3 Electronictelevision 4 1.4 Colortelevision 7 1.5 High-definitiontelevision 9 1.6 Digitaltelevision 12 1.7 Summaryandconclusions 15 2 Theoreticalframework 19 RonalddeBruin 2.1 Introduction 19 vii viii DigitalVideoBroadcasting:Technology,Standards,andRegulations 2.2 Services 20 2.2.1 Interactiveservices 20 2.2.2 Conditionalaccessservices 20 2.2.3 Servicesmodel 20 2.3 Policy 24 2.3.1 Thelayermodel 24 2.3.2 Scopeandapplicationofthelayermodel 29 2.3.3 Servicesandinformationstreams 30 2.4 Summaryandconclusions 32 3 Technologicalandmarketconvergence 35 RonalddeBruin 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Convergenceamongtraditionalsectors 36 3.3 Layermodelingofsectorsandactors 37 3.4 Changesinactors’activities 39 3.4.1 Marketbehavior 39 3.4.2 Conditionalaccessterminalequipmentmanufacturers 41 3.4.3 Networkserviceproviders 42 3.4.4 Value-addedserviceproviders 43 3.4.5 Informationserviceproviders 43 3.4.6 Informationproducers 44 3.5 Powerinthevalue-addedchain 44 3.6 Summaryandconclusions 47 4 UnitedStates 49 JanSmits 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Generalpolicyandregulatoryenvironment 51 4.2.1 Thecommunicationsact 51 Contents ix 4.2.2 Directbroadcastsatellite 55 4.2.3 Mediaconcentrationandforeignownership 55 4.2.4 Cabletelevisionservices 57 4.2.5 Videoprogrammingregulations 59 4.2.6 Practiceofforbearance 59 4.2.7 Futuredevelopments 60 4.3 Thegrandalliancehighdefinitiontelevisionsystem 62 4.4 Summaryandconclusions 66 5 Japanesepolicy 69 JanSmits 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Generalpolicyandregulatoryframework 70 5.2.1 Regulatoryenvironment 73 5.2.2 Conditionalaccessanddigitalbroadcasting 83 5.3 HistoryofdevelopingHDTV 85 5.3.1 MUSE 87 5.3.2 Wide-screenmarketdevelopments 89 5.4 Summaryandconclusions 90 6 EuropeanUnionpolicy 93 RonalddeBruinandJanSmits 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 EUpolicyandregulatoryenvironment: digitaltelevision 94 6.2.1 BackgroundEU:telecommunications 95 6.2.2 EUcompetitionpolicy:telecommunications 97 6.2.3 Telecommunicationsandgeneralcompetitionlaw: digitaltelevision 99 6.3 Digitalvideobroadcasting 103