Birgit Vogel-Heuser Manuel Wimmer   Editors Digital Transformation Core Technologies and Emerging Topics from a Computer Science Perspective Digital Transformation Birgit Vogel-Heuser · Manuel Wimmer Editors Digital Transformation Core Technologies and Emerging Topics from a Computer Science Perspective Editors Birgit Vogel-Heuser Manuel Wimmer Technische Universität München Johannes Kepler University Linz Garching b. München, Bayern, Germany Linz, Oberösterreich, Austria ISBN 978-3-662-65003-5 ISBN 978-3-662-65004-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65004-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Responsible Editor: Alexander Gruen This Springer Vieweg imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE, part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany Preface to “Digital Transformation: Core Technologies and Emerging Topics from a Computer Science Perspective” Scope of the Book The terms “digitalization” and “digital transformations” are nowadays used on a daily basis in media, enterprise, research, and societal contexts. In particular, the competitive- ness of the industrial sector is considered to depend on the level of digitalization and potential digital transformations of the products, enterprises, business models, etc. This is mostly due to the ever-growing importance of flexibility in industry, e.g., shorter inno- vation cycles, rapidly changing customer needs, changes in legislation, and more empha- sis on sustainability such as resource efficiency, to mention just a few reasons, as is also highlighted by initiatives such as Industry 4.0/5.0. However, this requested flexibility puts additional challenges on the design, realization, operation, maintenance, and reuse of industrial systems. The hope is that digitalization allows to deal with these challenges, as it is currently stressed by the emerging topic of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). CPPS highlight that both physical and virtual entities and processes are nowa- days required to realize modern production systems which are able to deal with the cur- rent challenges. At the same time, by having this new type of systems, we are currently facing a dramatically increasing complexity in engineering, operation, and management of such CPPS as they are complex, heterogeneous, and networked socio-technical sys- tems. The latter aspect is of particular importance to drive the digital transformation processes within an enterprise considering not only the technological aspects but also organizational ones such as business models, staff, or general societal needs and chal- lenges. As an answer, several digital technologies are emerging and gaining attention to sup- port different phases of the system life-cycle such as design-space exploration, runtime adaptation, and predictive maintenance to mention just a few examples. For instance, the term Digital Twin refers to the capability to partially copy an actual system into a virtual counterpart, that reflects the important properties of the system for both engineering as well as operation purposes. Thus, digitalization is not only a key enabler for innovation, V VI Preface to “Digital Transformation: Core Technologies … but is nowadays deeply integrated in the engineering and operational processes, and thus, into the aforementioned socio-technical systems. This book is focussing on the digitalization topics in Industry 4.0/5.0 from a computer science perspective. In particular, the book introduces a rich set of different concepts, techniques, and methods from the computer science discipline and provides insights on their application, especially for the domain of CPPS, and thus, complements other view- points which are equally important in this area such as automation, mechatronics, and business engineering. Having this focus, the book is in particularly intended as an entry point to digitaliza- tion for disciplines outside computer science by giving an orientation and providing the basics of the different sub-domains of computer science relevant for Industry 4.0/5.0 as well as giving pointers to further literature to find more information on the presented topics. Content of the Book The book “Digital Transformation: Core Technologies and Emerging Topics from a Computer Science Perspective” is structured into five parts. While Part 1 is about why and how industrial systems are represented as digital artefacts, Part 2 is focussing on emerging digital infrastructures to run industrial systems by showing their potential and applications, as well as how they can be integrated and secured in larger settings. Parts 3 and 4 are focusing on the data-driven paradigm, especially on data management and analytics which opens the door for a multitude of innovation potentials for indus- trial systems. Finally, Part 5 is giving an outlook on particular digital transformations aspects such as improved human-machine interactions possibilities as well as driving and managing organizational issues such as enterprise model transformations. By this, the book gives an outlook on the emerging Industry 5.0 paradigm which has been presented recently by the European Commission. We would like to thank all the authors who contributed chapters to this book and hope you will enjoy reading about the core technologies and emerging topics for digital trans- formation from a computer science perspective. January, 2022 Birgit Vogel-Heuser Manuel Wimmer Contents Digital Representation Engineering Digital Twins and Digital Shadows as Key Enablers for Industry 4.0 ..................................................... 3 Stefan Braun, Manuela Dalibor, Nico Jansen, Matthias Jarke, István Koren, Christoph Quix, Bernhard Rumpe, Manuel Wimmer and Andreas Wortmann Designing Strongly-decoupled Industry 4.0 Applications Across the Stack: A Use Case ................................................ 33 Christoph Mayr-Dorn, Alois Zoitl, Georg Weichhart, Michael Mayrhofer and Alexander Egyed Variability in Products and Production ................................. 65 Alexander Egyed, Paul Grünbacher, Lukas Linsbauer, Herbert Prähofer and Ina Schaefer Digital Infrastructures Reference Architectures for Closing the IT/OT Gap ....................... 95 Patrick Denzler and Wolfgang Kastner Edge Computing: Use Cases and Research Challenges .................... 125 Cosmin Avasalcai and Schahram Dustdar Dynamic Access Control in Industry 4.0 Systems ......................... 143 Robert Heinrich, Stephan Seifermann, Maximilian Walter, Sebastian Hahner, Ralf Reussner, Tomáš Bureš, Petr Hnětynka and Jan Pacovský Challenges in OT Security and Their Impacts on Safety-Related Cyber-Physical Production Systems .................................... 171 Siegfried Hollerer, Bernhard Brenner, Pushparaj Rajaram Bhosale, Clara Fischer, Ali Mohammad Hosseini, Sofia Maragkou, Maximilian Papa, Sebastian Schlund, Thilo Sauter and Wolfgang Kastner VII VIII Contents Runtime Monitoring for Systems of System: A Closer Look on Opportunities for Manufacturers in the Context of Industry 4.0 .......... 203 Michael Vierhauser and Alexander Egyed Blockchain Technologies in the Design and Operation of Cyber-Physical Systems .............................................. 223 Abel Gómez, Christophe Joubert and Jordi Cabot Data Management Big Data Integration for Industry 4.0 ................................... 247 Daniel Obraczka, Alieh Saeedi, Victor Christen and Erhard Rahm Massive Data Sets – Is Data Quality Still an Issue? ........................ 269 Peter Filzmoser and Alexandra Mazak-Huemer Modelling the Top Floor: Internal and External Data Integration and Exchange ...................................................... 281 Bernhard Wally, Christian Huemer and Birgit Vogel-Heuser Data Analytics Conceptualizing Analytics: An Overview of Business Intelligence and Analytics from a Conceptual-Modeling Perspective ................... 311 Christoph G. Schuetz and Michael Schrefl Discovering Actionable Knowledge for Industry 4.0: From Data Mining to Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics .......................... 337 Christoph G. Schuetz, Matt Selway, Stefan Thalmann and Michael Schrefl Process Mining—Discovery, Conformance, and Enhancement of Manufacturing Processes ........................................... 363 Stefanie Rinderle-Ma, Florian Stertz, Juergen Mangler and Florian Pauker Symbolic Artificial Intelligence Methods for Prescriptive Analytics .......... 385 Gerhard Friedrich, Martin Gebser and Erich C. Teppan Machine Learning for Cyber-Physical Systems ........................... 415 Oliver Niggemann, Bernd Zimmering, Henrik Steude, Jan Lukas Augustin, Alexander Windmann and Samim Multaheb Visual Data Science for Industrial Applications ........................... 447 Tobias Schreck, Belgin Mutlu and Marc Streit Contents IX Digital Transformation towards Industry 5.0 Self-Adaptive Digital Assistance Systems for Work 4.0 ..................... 475 Enes Yigitbas, Stefan Sauer and Gregor Engels Digital Transformation—Towards Flexible Human-Centric Enterprises ...... 497 Burkhard Kehrbusch and Gregor Engels Digital Representation