About the Authors Cem Ünsalan, Ph.D., established the DSP Laboratory at Yeditepe University in Istanbul, Turkey, and is a microprocessor and digital signal processing professor there. He is the coauthor of Programmable Microcontrollers with Applications: MSP430 LaunchPad with CCS and Grace. Bora Tar, Ph.D., is a postdoctoral researcher at The Ohio State University. His main research interests include analog and mixed-signal integrated-circuit design and energy harvesting and sensor networking applications. Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-25-983791-3 MHID: 1-25-983791-2. 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Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 1.1 Hardware Description Languages 1.2 FPGA Boards and Software Tools 1.3 Topics to Be Covered in the Book 2 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Digital Electronics 2.1.1 Bit Values as Voltage Levels 2.1.2 Transistor as a Switch 2.1.3 Logic Gates from Switches 2.2 FPGA Building Blocks 2.2.1 Layout of the Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A35T FPGA 2.2.2 Input/Output Blocks 2.2.3 Configurable Logic Blocks 2.2.4 Interconnect Resources 2.2.5 Block RAM 2.2.6 DSP Slices 2.2.7 Clock Management 2.2.8 The XADC Block 2.2.9 High-Speed Serial I/O Transceivers 2.2.10 Peripheral Component Interconnect Express Interface 2.3 FPGA-Based Digital System Design Philosophy 2.3.1 How to Think While Using FPGAs 2.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of FPGAs 2.4 Usage Areas of FPGAs 2.5 Summary 2.6 Exercises 3 Basys3 and Arty FPGA Boards 3.1 The Basys3 Board 3.1.1 Powering the Board 3.1.2 Input/Output 3.1.3 Configuring the FPGA 3.1.4 Advanced Connectors 3.1.5 External Memory 3.1.6 Oscillator/Clock 3.2 The Arty Board 3.2.1 Powering the Board 3.2.2 Input/Output 3.2.3 Configuring the FPGA 3.2.4 Advanced Connectors 3.2.5 External Memory 3.2.6 Oscillator/Clock 3.3 Summary 3.4 Exercises 4 The Vivado Design Suite 4.1 Installation and the Welcome Screen 4.2 Creating a New Project 4.2.1 Adding a Verilog File 4.2.2 Adding a VHDL File 4.3 Synthesizing the Project 4.4 Simulating the Project 4.4.1 Adding a Verilog Testbench File 4.4.2 Adding a VHDL Testbench File 4.5 Implementing the Synthesized Project 4.6 Programming the FPGA 4.6.1 Adding the Basys3 Board Constraint File to the Project 4.6.2 Programming the FPGA on the Basys3 Board 4.6.3 Adding the Arty Board Constraint File to the Project 4.6.4 Programming the FPGA on the Arty Board 4.7 Vivado Design Suite IP Management 4.7.1 Existing IP Blocks in Vivado 4.7.2 Generating a Custom IP 4.8 Application on the Vivado Design Suite 4.9 Summary 4.10 Exercises 5 Introduction to Verilog and VHDL 5.1 Verilog Fundamentals 5.1.1 Module Representation 5.1.2 Timing and Delays in Modeling 5.1.3 Hierarchical Module Representation 5.2 Testbench Formation in Verilog 5.2.1 Structure of a Verilog Testbench File 5.2.2 Displaying Test Results 5.3 VHDL Fundamentals 5.3.1 Entity and Architecture Representations 5.3.2 Dataflow Modeling 5.3.3 Behavioral Modeling 5.3.4 Timing and Delays in Modeling 5.3.5 Hierarchical Structural Representation 5.4 Testbench Formation in VHDL 5.4.1 Structure of a VHDL Testbench File 5.4.2 Displaying Test Results 5.5 Adding an Existing IP to the Project 5.5.1 Adding an Existing IP in Verilog 5.5.2 Adding an Existing IP in VHDL 5.6 Summary 5.7 Exercises 6 Data Types and Operators 6.1 Number Representations 6.1.1 Binary Numbers 6.1.2 Octal Numbers 6.1.3 Hexadecimal Numbers 6.2 Negative Numbers 6.2.1 Signed Bit Representation 6.2.2 One’s Complement Representation 6.2.3 Two’s Complement Representation 6.3 Fixed-and Floating-Point Representations 6.3.1 Fixed-Point Representation 6.3.2 Floating-Point Representation 6.4 ASCII Code 6.5 Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers 6.5.1 Addition 6.5.2 Subtraction 6.5.3 Multiplication 6.5.4 Division 6.6 Data Types in Verilog 6.6.1 Net and Variable Data Types 6.6.2 Data Values 6.6.3 Naming a Net or Variable 6.6.4 Defining Constants and Parameters 6.6.5 Defining Vectors 6.7 Operators in Verilog 6.7.1 Arithmetic Operators 6.7.2 Concatenation and Replication Operators 6.8 Data Types in VHDL 6.8.1 Signal and Variable Data Types 6.8.2 Data Values 6.8.3 Naming a Signal or Variable 6.8.4 Defining Constants 6.8.5 Defining Arrays 6.9 Operators in VHDL 6.9.1 Arithmetic Operators 6.9.2 Concatenation Operator 6.10 Application on Data Types and Operators 6.11 FPGA Building Blocks Used in Data Types and Operators 6.11.1 Implementation Details of Vector Operations 6.11.2 Implementation Details of Arithmetic Operations 6.12 Summary 6.13 Exercises