Table of Contents Cover Title Copyright Preface Introduction 1 A Conceptual Introduction to the Concept of Crowdsourcing in Libraries: A New Paradigm? 1.1. A rapidly growing economic model 1.2. Origin, definition and scope of crowdsourcing 1.3. Historical chronology of crowdsourcing 1.4. Philosophical and political controversies 1.5. Economic, sociological and legal consequences 1.6. Managerial, library science and technological consequences 2 Overview of Several Crowdsourcing Projects Applied to the Digitization of Libraries 2.1. Putting content online and participative curation: the Oxford’s Great War Archive and Europeana 1914–1918 2.2. Digitization on demand in the form of crowdfunding applied to digital libraries: the European eBooks on Demand network 2.3. Printing on demand (POD): the Espresso Book Machine 2.4. Participative OCR correction and participative transcription of manuscripts 2.5. Folksonomy, cataloguing and participative indexing 3 Overview and Keys to Success 3.1. Typologies and taxonomies of projects 3.2. Communication and marketing for recruiting volunteers 3.3. The question of motivations 3.4. Sociology of the contributors and community management 3.5. The question of the quality of the contributions 3.6. The evaluation of crowdsourcing projects 3.7. Change management Conclusion Bibliography Index End User License Agreement List of Tables 1 A Conceptual Introduction to the Concept of Crowdsourcing in Libraries: A New Paradigm? Table 1.1. Multicriteria definitions of crowdsourcing 2 Overview of Several Crowdsourcing Projects Applied to the Digitization of Libraries Table 2.1. Statistics of EOD orders from the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé, from [KLO 14], translated by us Table 2.2. Rates offered by various institutions offering digitization and printing on demand Table 2.3. Examples of OCRization Table 2.4. Statistics of the number of Internet users necessary to correct a word, after [VON 08b] Table 2.5. Statistics collected in the literature regarding the reCAPTCHA project Table 2.6. Comparative costs between OCR correction via the AMT and via a service provider Table 2.7. Estimate of the costs not paid for OCR correction services because of the use of crowdsourcing 3 Overview and Keys to Success Table 3.1. Model of public participation inspired by [BON 09] Table 3.2. Activities of a digitization project crossed with the types of crowdsourcing. For a color version of the table, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Table 3.3. Existing types of crowdsourcing applied to digitization Table 3.4. Types of crowdsourcing applied to digitization that remain to be invented Table 3.5. Taxonomy of crowdsourcing applied to digitization Table 3.6. Data collected in the literature about the sociology of the contributors to different projects Table 3.7. Distribution of the working time of crowdsourcing staff according to activities and missions, from [SMI 11] Table 3.8. Use of social metadata made by cultural institutions, according to the OCLC study [SMI 11] Table 3.9. Statistics before and after crowdsourcing for the California Digital Newspaper Collection, from [GEI 12] Table 3.10. Indicators of quantitative analysis of OCR correction or transcription projects Table 3.11. Indicators of quantitative analysis of content indexing projects Table 3.12. Indicators of quantitative analysis of digitization on demand projects Table 3.13. Other indicators of evolution Table 3.14. Calculation of what OCR correction would have cost without use of crowdsourcing for several representative projects, from [AND 15] List of Illustrations 1 A Conceptual Introduction to the Concept of Crowdsourcing in Libraries: A New Paradigm? Figure 1.1. The artwork Ten Thousand Cents3. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.2. An artwork juxtaposing sheep4 Figure 1.3. 13th Century sword whose photograph was published by the British Library5. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.4. Change in the number or searches for the word “crowdsourcing” on Google for each country, according to Google Trends. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.5. Countries represented in the survey conducted by OCLC about social metadata, from [SMI 11]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.6. Change in the number of publications on crowdsourcing indexed by Google Scholar applied to the digitization of libraries. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.7. Relationships between human computation, collective intelligence and crowdsourcing, according to [HAR 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.8. Position of crowdsourcing among neighboring areas, according to [SCH 10]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.9. The first form of crowdfunding. From http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8509563b (consulted June 23, 2016). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 1.10. Percentage of Wikipedians by birthdate, according to Wikipedia 2 Overview of Several Crowdsourcing Projects Applied to the Digitization of Libraries Figure 2.1. Location of the members of eBooks on Demand network on July 8, 2014, from https://www.facebook.com/eod.ebooks/app_402463363098062 (consulted June 23, 2016). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.2. Extract from an EOD activity report, from [KLO 14] Figure 2.3. Orders per price class during the 2009–2011 period at the National Library of Slovenia, from [BRU 12] Figure 2.4. The form in which users prefer to consult documents, according to the survey related by [MUH 09] Figure 2.5. Positive/negative perception according to prices and delivery times, according to the survey related by [MUH 09] Figure 2.6. Areas of interest for users, from [GST 11] Figure 2.7. Reasons why users placed orders, from [GST 11] Figure 2.8. Photograph of an Espresso Book Machine, from ondemandbooks.com. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.9. Distribution of EBM throughout the world, according to http://www.ondemandbooks.com/ebm_locations.php (consulted on July 9, 2014). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.10. Screen capture of a raw OCR text. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.11. Screen capture of a digitized newspaper and its OCR. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.12. Change in the number of corrections on lines on TROVE according to statistics obtained from the site itself (source: http://trove.nla.gov.au/system/stats? env=prod) Figure 2.13. Screen capture of TROVE3. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.14. Budget of the Transcribe Bentham project, according to [CAU 12b] Figure 2.15. Evolution of the number of accounts, manuscripts transcribed and completed between September 8, 2010 and March 8, 2011, according to [CAU 12b]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.16. Button used by Transcribe Bentham. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.17. The transcription interface of Transcribe Bentham, from [BRO 12]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.18. Diagram representing how Internet users discovered the Transcribe Bentham project, according to [CAU 12a]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.19. Diagram representing the distribution of contributors to Transcribe Bentham according to age, according to [CAU 12a]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.20. Motivations of the volunteers of the Transcribe Bentham project, from [CAU 12a] Figure 2.21. Screen capture of the game Mole Hunt. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.22. Screen capture of the game Mole Bridge. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.23. Proportion of work carried out by 1, 10 and 25%, of the best contributors, from [CHR 11] Figure 2.24. Diagram explaining how reCAPTCHA works, according to the site Google.com. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.25. Another diagram explaining how reCAPTCHA works, from [IPE 11]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.26. The Turkish chess player, Tuerkischer schachspieler windisch by Karl Gottlieb von Windisch, 1783, public domain via Wikimedia Commons Figure 2.27. Number of HITs in November 2013, according to the Mechanical Turk tracker Figure 2.28. Distribution of Indian workers and American workers on AMT by sex, according to [IPE 10b]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.29. Birth year of workers on the AMT, according to [IPE 10b] Figure 2.30. Educational level of workers on the AMT, according to [IPE 10b]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.31. Average time dedicated to the AMT, according to [IPE 10b] Figure 2.32. Average income made from the AMT, according to [IPE 10b] Figure 2.33. Number of workers stating that AMT is their primary source of income, according to [IPE 10b]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.34. Types of motivation according to the greater or lesser dedication of workers on the AMT platform, according to [KAU 11] Figure 2.35. Number of corrections on TROVE between 2008 and 2012, according to [HAG 13] Figure 2.36. Change in the amount of content compared to that of the number of corrections on TROVE, according to [HAG 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.37. Proportion of genealogists among the contributors, according to a CDNC/Cambridge Public Library survey. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.38. Distribution of volunteers by age group, according to a CDNC/Cambridge Public Library survey. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.39. The types of documents distributed on TROVE compared to the types of documents that are corrected there, according to [HAG 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.40. Most corrected types of documents on TROVE, according to [HAG 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.41. Classification of contributors according to the number of lines corrected for the TROVE and CDNC projects, according to [ZAR 14]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.42. Portion of the work accomplished by each contributor to the Old Weather project offering to transcribe meteorological observations, from Brumfield, manuscripttranscription.blogspot.fr, 2013. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.43. Screen capture of the game Art Collector, first round, from [PAR 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.44. Screen capture of the game Art Collector, round 2, choice of a piece, from [PAR 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.45. Screen capture of the game Art Collector, round 2, trying to win a work, from [PAR 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 2.46. Gender and age of the players of Art Collector, according to [PAR 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip 3 Overview and Keys to Success Figure 3.1. Taxonomy of crowdsourcing, from [HAR 13] Figure 3.2. Taxonomy of the 4Cs of crowdsourcing, from [REN 14b] Figure 3.3. Time evolution since 2011 and forecast of the future gamification market, from [OLL 13] Figure 3.4. Serious games and gamification, from [DET 11a]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.5. Screen capture of the What’s on the menu? press release: “Help the New York Public Library improve a unique collection. We need you! Help transcribe. It’s easy! No registration required!” from [VER 13]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.6. Taxonomy of the motivations of volunteers in a crowdsourcing project. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, By user: Factoryjoe (Mazlow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons (consulted October 4, 2017). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.8. Diagram showing that a handful of Internet users are the source of the majority of contributions, from Brumfield, manuscripttranscription.blogspot.fr, 20134. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.9. Distribution of staff activities in management of crowdsourcing projects, from [SMI 11] Figure 3.10. The working time of crowdsourcing project staff, from [SMI 11]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.11. Frequency with which sites put new content online, from [SMI 11b]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.12. The criteria for success, from [SMI 11] Figure 3.13. Number of unique visitors per month for crowdsourcing projects, from [SMI 11]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Figure 3.14. Number of contributors per month for cultural institutions, from [SMI 11]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/andro/libraries.zip Digital Tools and Uses Set coordinated by Imad Saleh Volume 5 Digital Libraries and Crowdsourcing Mathieu Andro First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2018 The rights of Mathieu Andro to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958934 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-161-1