11 International Edition Pearson DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS Ninth Edition Thomas L. Floyd PEARSON PearsonEducationinternational IfyoupurchasedthisbookwithintheUnitedSlatesorCanadayoushouldbeawarethatithasbeenwrongfullyimported withouttheapprovalofthePublisherortheAuthor. AcquisitionsEditor:KateLinsner ProductionEditor:RexDavidson DesignCoordinator:DianeErnsbergci EditorialAssistant:LaraDimmick CoverDesigner:JasonMoore Coverart:GettyOne ProductionManager:MattOttenweller MarketingManager:BenLeonard Illustrations:JaneLope/ ThisbookwassetinTunesKonuinbyCarlisleCommunications.Ltd.andwasprintedandboundbyCourierKendallvillc.Inc. ThecoverwasprintedbyCoralGraphicServices.Inc. ChapteropeningphotosandspecialfeaturephotosbyGettyImages. MullisimisaregisteredtrademarkofElectronicsWorkbench. AlteraQuartusIIandothernamesofAlteraproducts,productfeatures,andservicesaretrademarksand/orservicemarksof AlteraCorporationintheUnitedStatesandothercountries. XilinxISEisaregisteredtrademarkofXilinx,Inc. 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PearsonEducation.UpperSaddleRiver.NewJersey PEARSON 1098765432 ISBN:0-13-197255-3 Preface WelcometoDigitalFundamentals,NinthEdition.A strong foundation inthe core funda¬ mentalsofdigitaltechnologyisvitaltoanyonepursuingacareerinthisexciting,fast-paced industry. Thistext iscarefullyorganizedto includeup-to-datecoverageof topicsthatcan hecoveredintheirentirety,usedinacondensedformat,oromittedaltogether,depending uponthecourseemphasis. Thetopicsinthistextarccoveredinthesameclear,straightforward,andwell-illustrated formatthathasbeensosuccessfulinthepreviouseditionsofDigitalFundamentals.Many topics have been strengthened or enhanced and numerous improvementscan be found throughoutthebook. You willprobably findmoretopicsthanyoucancoverinasinglecourse, litisrangeof topicsprovidesthe flexibilitytoaccommodatea varietyofprogramrequirements.Forex¬ ample,someofthedesign-orientedorsystemapplicationtopicsmaynotbeappropriate in some courses.Otherprograms may not coverprogrammable logic,while some may not havetimetoincludetopicssuchascomputers,microprocessors,ordigitalsignalprocess¬ ing.Also,insomecoursestheremay benoneedtogo intothedetailsof"inside-the-chip" circuitry.These andother topicscan beomittedor lightly coveredwithout affectingthe coverageofthe fundamental topics.A backgroundintransistorcircuitsisnot a prerequi¬ site for this textbook althoughcoverage of integratedcircuit technology (inside-the-chip circuits) isincludedina"floatingchapter."which isoptional. Followingthis Preface isa color-coded table of contents to indicatea variety of ap¬ proachesfor meetingmost uniquecourse requirements.The texthasa modularorganiza¬ tionthat allowsinclusionoromissionofvarious topicswithoutimpactingtheothertopics that arecoveredinyourcourse.Becauseprogrammablelogiccontinuestogrow inimpor¬ tance, an entire chapter (Chapter II) is devoted to the topic, including PALs, GALs. CPLDs,andFPGAs;specificAlteraandXilinx devicesare introduced.Alsoagenericin¬ troductiontoprogrammablelogicsoftwareisprovidedandboundaryscanlogiciscovered. New inThis Edition The Hammingerrordetectingandcorrectingcode Carry look-aheadadders A briefintroductiontoVHDL Expandedandimprovedcoverageoftestinstruments Anexpandedandreorganizedcoverageofprogrammablelogic Improvedtroubleshootingcoverage Newapproachto DigitalSystemApplications Features Full-colorformat Marginnotesprovideinformationinaverycondensedform. Keytermsarc listedineachchapteropener.Withinthechapter,thekeytermsare in boldfacecolor.Eachkey term isdefinedattheendofthechapter,aswellasat the endof thebookinthecomprehensiveglossaryalongwithotherglossarytermsthat are indicatedby blackboldfaceinthetext. iv ÿ PREFACE Chapter 14isdesignedasa"floatingchapter"toprovideoptionalcoverageof IC technology(inside-the-chipcircuitry)atanypoint inyourcourse. Overviewandobjectives ineachchapteropener Introductionandobjectivesatthe beginningofeachsectionwithinachapter Reviewquestionsandexercisesat theendofeachsectioninachapter A RelatedProblemineachworkedexample ComputerNotesinterspersedthroughout toprovideinterestinginformationabout computertechnologyas itrelatestothe textcoverage Hands-OnTipsinterspersedthroughouttoprovideusefulandpracticalinformation 'liteDigitalSystemApplication isa feature at theendof manychapters that providesinterestingandpracticalapplicationsoflogic fundamentals. Chaptersummariesat theendofeachchapter Multiple-choiceself-testattheendofeachchapter Extensivesectionalizedproblemsetsattheendofeachchapterincludebasic. troubleshooting,systemapplication,andspecialdesignproblems. Theuseandapplicationof test instruments,includingtheoscilloscope,logic analyzer,function generator,andDMM.arecovered. Chapter 12providesanintroductiontocomputers. Chapter 13introducesdigitalsignalprocessing,includinganalog-to-digitaland digital-to-analogconversion. Conceptsofprogrammablelogicare introducedbeginninginChapter 1. Specific fixed-function ICdevicesare introducedthroughout. Chapter 11providesacoverageof PALs.GALs.CPLDsandFPGAsas well asa genericcoverageofPLDprogramming. Selectedcircuit diagrams inthetext,identifiedby thespecialiconshownhere,are renderedinMultisim'*2001andMultisim*17.andthesecircuit filesareprovided ontheenclosedCD-ROM.These files (alsoavailable onthe CompanionWebsite at www.prvnhall.com/floyd)are providedat noextracost tothe consumerandare for useby anyonewhochooses to useMultisimsoftware.Multisimiswidely regardedasanexcellentsimulationtoolfor classroomandlaboratory learning. However,successfuluseof thistextbook isnotdependent uponuseof thecircuit files. Boundary scanlogicassociatedwithprogrammabledevices isintroducedin . Chapter 11 Inadditionto boundaryscan,troubleshootingcoverage includesmethodsfortesting programmablelogic,suchas traditional,bcd-of-nails.andflyingprobe.Boundary scanandtheseother methodsareimportant inmanufacturingandindustry. ForthosewhowishtoincludeABELprogramming,anintroductionisprovidedon the CompanionWebsite at www.prenhall.com/floyd. PREFACE ÿ v AccompanyingStudent Resources ExperimentsinDigitalFundamentals,alaboratorymanualby DavidM.Buchla. Solutionsfor thismanualareavailableintheInstructor'sResourceManual. TwoCD-ROMsincludedwitheachcopyofthetext: Circuit files inMultisimforusewith Multisimsoftware Texas Instrumentsdigitaldevicesdatasheets InstructorResources PowerPoint"slides.These presentationsfeature LectureNotesandfiguresfrom the text.(OnCD-ROMandonline.) CompanionWebsite,(www.prcnhall.com/floyd>.Forthe instructor,thiswebsite offerstheabilitytopostyoursyllabusonlinewithourSyllabusManager™.Thisisa great solutionfor classestaughtonline,thatare self-paced,orinanycomputer assistedmanner. Instructor'sResourceManual.Includesworked-out solutionstochapterproblems. solutionstoDigitalSystemApplications,asummaryofMultisimsimulationresults. andworked-outlabresultsforthelabmanualby DavidM.Buchla.(Print and online.) TestItemFile. ThiseditionoftheTest ItemFilefeaturesover9(X)questions. TestGen." Thisisanelectronic versionof theTest ItemFile,enablinginstructorsto customizetestsfor theclassroom. Toaccess supplementary materialsonline,instructorsneedtorequest aninstructoraccess code.Gotowww.prenhall.com.clicktheInstructorResourceCenterlink,andthenclick RegisterToday for aninstructoraccesscode.Within48 hoursafterregisteringyouwillre¬ ceiveaconfirminge-mailincludinganinstructoraccesscode.Onceyouhavereceivedyour code,go tothe websiteandlogonfor full instructionsondownloadingthe materialsyou wishtouse. IllustrationofChapter Features ChapterOpener Eachchapterbeginswith a two-page spread,usshowninFigureP- I. The leftpageincludesalistofthe sectionsinthechapterandalistofchapterobjectives.A typicalright pageincludesanoverviewofthechapter,a list ofspecificdevicesintroduced inthe chapter (eachnew device isindicatedby an IClogoat the point where it is intro¬ duced).abrief DigitalSystemApplication preview,a listof key terms,andawebsiteref¬ erence forchapterstudy aids. SectionOpener Eachofthesectionsinachapterbeginswithabriefintroductionthatin¬ cludesageneraloverviewandsectionobjectives.An illustrationisshowninFigureP-2. SectionReview Eachsectionendswithareviewconsistingofquestionsorexercisesthat emphasizethemainconceptspresentedinthesection.ThisfeatureisshowninFigureP-2. AnswerstotheSectionReviewsareat theendofthechapter. vi ÿ PREFACE 6 FUNCTIONS OF MrtonwcnOM mmu COMBINATIONAL LOGIC W*« f«*4F fWIJ ?««ui MOO* MAMF rw»u w:ii fwiH tm>t naZ¥> MJW2II rm FIGURE P-1 Chapteropener. WorkedExamplesandRelatedProblems Anabundanceofworkedexampleshelploil¬ lustrateandclarify basicconcepts or specific procedures.Eachexample ends with a Re¬ latedProblemthat reinforcesorexpandsontheexamplebyrequiringthestudent towork throughaproblemsimilartotheexample.A typicalworkedexamplewitha RelatedProb¬ lemisshown inFigureP-3. TroubleshootingSection Manychapters includea troubleshootingsectionthat relates tothetopicscoveredinthechapterandthat emphasizestroubleshootingtechniquesand the useof test instruments.A portionofatypicaltroubleshootingsectionisillustratedin FigureP-4. DigitalSystemApplication Appearing attheendof manychapters,thisfeaturepresents apracticalapplicationoftheconceptscoveredinthechapter.Thisfeaturepresentsa"real- world" systemin which analysis, troubleshooting,anddesignelements are implemented usingprocedurescoveredinthechapter.Some DigitalSystemApplicationsare limitedto asinglechapterandothersextendovertwoormorechapters.SpecificDigitalSystemAp¬ plicationsareasfollows: Tabletcountingandcontrolsystem:Chapter 1 Digitaldisplay:Chapters4and 11. Storagetankcontrolsystem:Chapter5 viii ÿ PREFACE 14* (cid:127) (OCKWtl — j-t icuiuÿoorivc - 117ÿ t.»<*..r4 -O A..IkUj I'-PlIitOi- — J (cid:127) I»H<->imMlM , ~~ÿH>MKU|iala> (cid:127)ÿÿÿ >_an(cid:127)« Jrfv (cid:127)(cid:127)avl-li. w»r(cid:127)pnk*.r«14»c'Mj.tL>ÿÿUtfol"mnl(cid:127)Vÿÿv.'(cid:127) NAkms*IClafcI . r«Arr>ÿ«*—%4tiMft«f».M«tr.:af#fur—KVOfK.A»ÿnT»<tfIt.*»ÿÿiw»rtW»ÿw» (cid:127)Ml.M vÿn>t . k>r«r+0i»i*nj *ÿ«*m uIU44i«i* a NAKO**tw0AXD»* aA* «<«tc4*0 w-*(cid:127)W?c.e4pm «uk |«i (cid:127)«(cid:127)«*«(cid:127)> ~T«4.u. ÿWf,*««»(cid:127)MK«4(cid:127) *+di*\U IIfci(cid:127)»*,+m f«>ISM *(cid:127) III<kl»lk ft (cid:127)M*»».tnltpriuÿ(vlfMr*Wifvr?.rf>iM*f*(l(v«|«MM> «mrym*L*.m UW.*rw<<f»U(*U««VM:«|«f. »**.±r»m ÿ fc>1KHTV*(cid:127) rc«W i%cr#|im 11 » teur (cid:127)*»»rfa«i1i.wV.*«(cid:127).*+*—»M*miW f«-KMKWfwrk<K*t»VAM»f*#<*AND»*If »* i*>»H >»(cid:127)">*«(cid:127) iO$t. _ FIGURE P-4 RepreventativepagesfromaportionofdtypicalTroubleshootingsection. Traffic lighlcontrolsystem:Chapters6.7.and8 Securitysystem:Chapters9and 10 DigitalSystemApplicationsmaybetreatedasoptionalbecauseomittingthemwillnot affectanyothermaterialinthetext.FigureP-5showsaportionofa DigitalSystemAppli¬ cationfeature. ChapterEnd The followingstudyaidsendeachchapter: Summary Key termglossary Self-test Problemsetthatincludessomeorallofthefollowingcategories:Basic. Troubleshooting.DigitalSystemApplication,Design,andMultisim TroubleshootingPractice AnswerstoSectionReviews AnswerstoRelatedProblemsfor Examples AnswerstoSelf-Test Book End Appendices:Codeconversionandtableofpowersof two(AppendixA) andtraffic light interfacecircuits(Appendix B| PREFACE ÿ ix FIGURE P-5_ RepresentativepagesfromatypicalDigitalSystemApplication. Answerstoodd-numberedproblems Comprehensiveglossary Index To the Student Digitaltechnology ishot!Mosteverythinghasalreadygone digitalorwillinthe near fu¬ ture.Forexample,ceilphonesandothertypesof wirelesscommunication,television,ra¬ dio. process controls, automotive electronics, consumer electronics, global navigation. militarysystems,tonameonly afew applications,dependheavilyondigitalelectronics. A strongfoundation inthe fundamentalsofdigitaltechnology willprepareyou for the highly skilledandhigh-payingjobs of the future.Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucan doisto understandthecore fundamentals.Fromthereyoucangoanywhere. Inaddition,programmablelogicisbecomingextremelyimportant intoday'stechnology andthat topic isintroducedinthis book.Ofcourse,efficient troubleshootingisaskillthat isalsowidelysought.Troubleshootingandtestingmethodsfromtraditionaltestingtoman¬ ufacturingtechniques,suchas bed-of-nails.Hyingprobe,andboundary scan,arecovered inthis book.Theseareexamplesof theskillsyoucanacquirewithaseriousefforttolearn theconceptspresented. The CD-ROMs TwoCDsare includedwith this book. OnecontainsTexas Instruments datasheetsfordigitalintegratedcircuits.TheothercontainscircuitfilesinMultisimforuse with Multisimsoftware Versions 2001 or 7. (TheseVersion 2001 and Version 7 circuit — files—aswellasthose for usewithMultisim8 alsoappearontheCompanionWebsiteat www.prenha11.com/floyd.)