DIGGING THROUGH HISTORY BBooookk 11..iinnddbb ii 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM BBooookk 11..iinnddbb iiii 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM DIGGING THROUGH HISTORY Archaeology and Religion from Atlantis to the Holocaust RICHARD A. FREUND ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK BBooookk 11..iinnddbb iiiiii 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom Copyright © 2012 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Freund, Richard A. Digging through history : archaeology and religion from Atlantis to the Holocaust / Richard A. Freund. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4422-0882-7 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-0884-1 (electronic) 1. Archaeology and religion. 2. Excavations (Archaeology) 3. Antiquities. 4. Mysteries, Religious—History. I. Title. BL65.A72F74 2012 200.9—dc23 2012023525 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America BBooookk 11..iinnddbb iivv 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM This book is dedicated to Judy Freund Howard Berkowitz Beatrice Freund Aaron Stovitz BBooookk 11..iinnddbb vv 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM BBooookk 11..iinnddbb vvii 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM CONTENTS A Short Chronology ix CHAPTER 1 Divine Footprints: Digging through History 1 CHAPTER 2 Mysteries of Religion and Archaeology in the Search for Atlantis and Tarshish 35 CHAPTER 3 The Dead Sea Scrolls: One Archaeological Discovery That Changed How We Understand the History of the Ancient and Modern Worlds 103 CHAPTER 4 Mysteries of Religion and Archaeology in Medieval Spain 153 CHAPTER5 Mysteries of Religion and Archaeology in the “Hidden Holocaust” 179 Acknowledgments 239 Bibliography 251 Index 259 vii BBooookk 11..iinnddbb vviiii 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM BBooookk 11..iinnddbb vviiiiii 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM A Short Chronology 5500–4500 BCE The Neolithic (Stone) Age (pottery was introduced) 4500–3200 BCE The Chalcolithic (Copper) Age (copper and flint were used; writing was developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt) The Rise of Atlantis 3200–1200 BCE Bronze Age (Early, Middle, and Late) The End of Atlantis The Exodus from Egypt 3000–2700 BCE First and Second Dynasties of the Egyptian King- dom 1200–586 BCE Iron Age (from the exodus from Egypt until the destruction of the First Temple by the Babylonians in 586 BCE) Hebrew Bible Written Down The Rise of the Phoenicians and the Sea Peoples 586–539 BCE The Babylonian Exile of the Judeans from Israel 546–333 BCE The Persian Period and the Rise of Classical Greece: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Story of Atlantis Written Down 332–63 BCE The Greek Period: The Rise of Alexander the Great Rise of the Dead Sea Scrolls Community at Qumran 63 BCE–325 CE The Roman Period in the Ancient Middle East Dead Sea Scrolls Community Ends 325–638 CE The Byzantine Period: The Rise of Christian Rome 638–1096 CE The Early Muslim Period: The Golden Age of Spain 1100–1200 CE Crusader Period ix BBooookk 11..iinnddbb iixx 99//1177//1122 11::0099 PPMM