Stieltjes · Brunner Fritzsche · Laun Diffusion Tensor Imaging Introduction and Atlas 3-D dataset on CD Diffusion Tensor Imaging Bram Stieltjes Romuald M. Brunner Klaus H. Fritzsche Frederik B. Laun Diffusion Tensor Imaging Introduction and Atlas With 340 figures and CD-ROM 123 Dr. Bram Stieltjes Dr. Klaus H. Fritzsche Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Section Quantitative imaging-based disease characterization, Department of medical and biological informatics department of radiology Im Neuenheimer Feld 580 Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 69120 Heidelberg 69120 Heidelberg Germany Germany Dr. Frederik B. Laun Prof. Dr. Romuald M. Brunner Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of psychiartry, Department of medical physics in radiology Division child- and adolescent psychiatry Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 Blumenstr. 8 69120 Heidelberg 69115 Heidelberg Germany Germany Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com ISBN-13 978-3-642-20455-5 ISBN 978-3-642-20456-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20456-2 Springer Medizin © Springer-Verlag  Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012944834 This work is subject to copyright. 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Editor: Dr. Christine Lerche Project Management: Claudia Bauer Copyediting: Isabella Athanassiou, Heidelberg Project Coordination: Barbara Karg Cover Illustration: © Dr. Bram Stieltjes, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg Cover Design: deblik Berlin Typesetting and Reproduction of the figures: Fotosatz-Service Köhler GmbH – Reinhold Schöberl, Würzburg The German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum) holds the rights to the software on the CD. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Medizin is brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) V Preface Since the advent of diffusion tensor imaging in the mid-1990s, the field of in vivo representation of human neuronal connectivity has experienced a dramatic development in terms of technological advances as well as of applications in both neuroscience and clinical research. Although the main focus of this book is on the depiction of neuroanatomy derived from diffusion imaging, we hope that with the »Introduction to Diffusion Imaging,« the book will also be a good first point of reference for navigation of the currently overwhelmingly extensive literature on diffusion imaging. The making of this atlas was a far more interactive process than initially anticipated. For instance, to be able to create reproducible image views and constant size representations, we had to redesign our fiber tracking software and in many ways, over time, the final result evolved far from the original concept. We hope that the resulting combination of two-dimensional T -weighted and color map-based anatomy enriched with the part 1 on three-dimensional white matter tract representation will help readers to quickly find their way in the most fascinating of all mazes, the human brain. Finally, we want to thank T. Kuder for corrections and graph preparation and Springer Heidelberg for embarking with us on this adventurous journey; Mrs. R. Scheddin for the enthusiasm when we first presented the idea of the atlas and Dr. C. Lerche and Mrs. C. Bauer for unrelenting support during the numerous iterations and corrections. Bram Stieltjes Romuald M. Brunner Klaus H. Fritzsche Frederik B. Laun Spring 2012 VII Contents I Introduction How to Use this Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 Introduction to Diffusion Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1 Diffusion: A Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Theoretical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 Advanced Techniques: Fiber Tracking and Deviations from Mono-exponential Signal Decay . . . . . . . 23 1.5 Practical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.6 Selected Applications in Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 II Atlas 2 Two-dimensional Brain Slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.1 Coronal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.2 Sagittal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2.3 Transversal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 3 Three-dimensional Fiber Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 3.1 Fiber Tracking of the Cerebral Hemispheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 3.2 Fiber Tracking of the Brain Stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 III Appendix Index Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Index Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 I 1 Section I Introduction How to Use this Atlas – 3 Chapter 1 Introduction to Diffusion Imaging – 5 3 How to Use this Atlas 4 How to Use this Atlas j The Timeline and Introduction The timeline and introduction sections can be seen as a primer in diffusion imaging. Although the atlas focuses on directional diffusion, we chose to give an outline of the complete diffusion literature to come to a comprehensive overview. To make the introduction accessible to readers with a different academic background, we designed it so that the main body of the text is understandable without specialist knowledge in physics or math- ematics. More detailed information on the diffusion process and calculations can be found in separate textboxes for further read- ing. Thus, as your knowledge of diffusion increases, so may your interest in the content of the textboxes. j The Atlas The atlas consists of two major parts: a two- and a three-dimen- sional representation of fiber tracts. In the two-dimensional part, we compare the conventional T -weighted anatomy with a diffusion tensor imaging-derived 1 color map. In these maps, the directional orientation of fiber tracts is color coded in the following fashion: tracts moving left- right are coded red (e.g., the corpus callosum), anterior-posterior tracts are coded green (e.g., the cingulum), and craniocaudal tracts are coded blue (e.g., the corticospinal tract). The intensity or hue indicates the fractional anisotropy, a measure of fiber den- sity. The whole brain is covered in the three main radiological planes: axial, coronal, and sagittal. The three-dimensional part covers the most prominent white matter connections in the human brain. The complete recon- struction process is presented in a consistent, step-by-step fash- ion. First, the relevance and anatomy of the tract are discussed and an initial region of interest (ROI) is shown. This ROI is cho- sen to yield an optimal final result and is shown in white. By using inclusion (green) and exclusion (red) ROIs, the result is further refined. The final result is represented without the ROIs in three different planes as well as in an oblique view for optimal appre- ciation of the anatomical location. The color coding of these tracts is identical to the two-dimensional color maps. The intri- cate anatomy of important adjacent tracts is further illustrated in combined overviews. Here, each individual tract is represented in monochrome to enhance the visualization of the complex in- terwoven anatomy. Again, these results are represented in three standard planes and an oblique view. All tracts in the three-dimensional part are also indicated in the two-dimensional part of the atlas, and flipping between these parts will help readers to understand the projection of the three- dimensional tract on the two-dimensional slices. Using the T -weighted images, adjacency to important gray matter struc- 1 tures is captured. Thus, by interactively using the atlas, your understanding of the complex neuroanatomical correlations should grow continuously. To aid this process, the accompanying CD contains all the tracts as illustrated in the atlas and allows you to scroll through the data in an interactive fashion. 1 5 Introduction to Diffusion Imaging 1.1 Diffusion: A Primer – 6 1.2 Timeline – 7 1.3 Theoretical Aspects – 10 1.4 Advanced Techniques: Fiber Tracking and Deviations from Mono-exponential Signal Decay – 23 1.5 Practical Aspects – 29 1.6 Selected Applications in Neuroscience – 33 1.7 References – 37 B. Stieltjes et al., Diffusion Tensor Imaging, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20456-2_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013