Dietary Fats and Risk of Chronic Disease Editors Yung-Sheng Huang Graduate Institute of Biotechnology Yuanpei University of Science and Technology Yuyoshi Yanagita Department of Applied Biological Science Saga University Howard R. Knapp Executive Director DBC Research Center Champaign, Illinois Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press AOCS Mission Statement To be the global forum for professionals interested in lipids and related materials through the exchange of ideas, information science, and technology. AOCS Books and Special Publications Committee M. Mossoba, Chairperson, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland R. Adlof, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois P. Dutta, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden T. Foglia, ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania V. Huang, Yuanpei University of Science and Technology, Taiwan L. Johnson, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa H. Knapp, Deaconess Billings Clinic, Billings, Montana D. Kodali, Global Agritech Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota T. McKeon, USDA, ARS, WRRC, Albany, California R. Moreau, USDA, ARS, ERRC, Wyndoor, Pennsylvania A. Sinclair, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia P. White, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa R. Wilson, USDA, REE, ARS, NPS, CPPVS, Beltsville, Maryland Copyright ©2006 by AOCS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher. The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines established to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dietary fats and risk of chronic disease / editors, Yung-Sheng Huang, Teruyoshi Yanagita, Howard R. Knapp. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-1-893997-54-7 (alk. paper) 1. Lipids in human nutrition. 2. Lipids--Metabolism. 3. Chronic diseases--Risk factors. [DNLM: 1. Lipid Metabolism. 2. Dietary Fats--adverse effects. 3. Risk Factors. QU 85 D5656 2006] I. Huang, Yung-Sheng, Dr. II. Yanagita, Teruyoshi. III. Knapp, Howard R. QP751.D554 2006 612.3'97--dc22 2005035437 CIP Printed in the United States of America. 10 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press Preface Dietary fat is an important source of nutrients. It plays a key role in all aspects of human health. However, not all fats are equal. Excess intake of certain types of fats has been associated with the development of many chronic diseases. On the other hand, clinical evidence in recent years has demonstrated that there are other types of fats proven to be beneficial to human health. Accumulation of findings has provid- ed rational explanations regarding the mechanisms by which dietary fats are involved in either etiology or intervention of chronic diseases. This monograph is written by a group of lipid experts who participated in the 2004 AOCS-JOCS Joint Symposium on Bioscience held May 12, 2004 in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The session “Dietary Fats and Risk of Chronic Disease” was organized by Yung- Sheng Huang of Abbott Laboratories and Teruyoshi Yanagita of Saga University under the auspices of the Health Nutrition Division of the AOCS and its counterpart in JOCS. The purpose of this symposium, which brought together many prominent lipid scien- tists and scholars from Japan and the United States, was to promote interactions and discussion of mutual interests and recent progress among the participating scientists in the related field. This volume contains the lectures presented in the meeting and also a few invit- ed papers from the authors who could not attend the meeting. Generally, this mono- graph covers the effect of different dietary fats on the development of chronic dis- eases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, inflammation, and immune functions. The lipids discussed in this meeting included omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, diacylglycerols, medium-chain triglycerides, and plasmalogen. We are grateful to all participating authors for their outstanding contributions, which have made the publication of this monograph possible. We would also like to thank Dr. Jim-Wen Liu for editorial assistance and Kao Chemicals for assisting with the editorial expenses. Yung-Sheng Huang, Ph.D. Teruyoshi Yanagita, Ph.D. Howard Knapp, M.D., Ph.D. iii Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press Contributors Mahinda Y. Abeywardena, Ph.D. Martha A. Belury, Ph.D. CSIRO—Health Sciences & Nutrition Department of Human Nutrition PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA5000, The Ohio State University Australia 1787 Neil Avenue Mahinda Abeywardena is a Principle Columbus, OH 43210 Research Scientist and a Project Leader Andre Claassen with the CSIRO-Human Nutrition, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Australia. He also holds an affiliate Faculty of Health Sciences position at the Department of University of the Free State Experimental and Clinical Bloemfontein, South Africa Pharmacology of the University of Adelaide Medical School. He received Angela L. Collene his doctorate in Pharmacology from the Department of Human Nutrition University of Alberta in 1981. Since that 1787 Neil Avenue time he has conducted extensive The Ohio State University research into the modulation of cardio- Columbus, OH 43210 vascular function by edible oils and fats Undurti N Das, M.D., FAMS including the anti-arrhythmic actions of UND Life Sciences long chain n-3PUFAs. His current 1083 Main Street research interests include vascular Walpole, MA02081 endothelium as a target for modulation Undurti N Dasgraduated with a medical by dietary constituents, dietary matrix degree from Osmania Medical College, (carbohydrate and fat) interactions in Hyderabad, India, where he specialized relation to vascular disease develop- in internal medicine. Since 1976 he has ment, and bioactives discovery. He is a turned his attention to clinical research, member of key scientific societies with with specific interests in the role of focuses ranging from the cardiovascular polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, disease and drug therapy to oils and fats cytokines, nitric oxide, free radicals, and research. antioxidants in various clinical condi- Asuka Akahoshi tions especially in cancer, inflammatory Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic conditions, metabolic syndrome X, and Sciences schizophrenia. Undurti N. Das has held Prefectural University of Kumamoto several research positions including Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan those in Osmania University, India; Efamol Research Institute, Kentville, Toshiaki Aoyama Nova Scotia, Canada; and formerly Division of Healthcare Science Research Professor of Internal Medicine at Laboratory Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Nisshin Oilliogroup, Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan Hyderabad India; he is currently the Michelle L. Asp President and CEO of the privately held Department of Human Nutrition biotech company UND Life Sciences, 1787 Neil Avenue Shaker Heights, OH, USA, and Visiting The Ohio State University Research Professor of Nutrition and Columbus, OH 43210 Medicine at Athens University, Greece. v Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press vi Contributors Undurti N Das is the Editor-in-Chief of Toshio Iwata the journal: Lipids in Health and Rinoru Oil Mills Co., Ltd. Disease. Tokyo 103-0027, Japan Takahiro Eitsuka Takeshi Kamegai Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory Rinoru Oil Mills Co., Ltd. Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tokyo 103-0027, Japan Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Yoshihiro Kanamaru Gabriel Fernandes, Ph.D. Department of Applied Life Science Division of Clinical Immunology, MC 7874 Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Department of Medicine Gifu University The University of Texas Health Science Gifu 501-1193, Japan Center Susumu Kanno 7703 Floyd Curl Drive Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 Graduate School of Agricultural Science Wataru Fujimura Tohoku University Department of Applied Life Science Sendai, Japan Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Michio Kasai, Ph.D. Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan Division of Healthcare Science Research M. Eric Gershwin Laboratory Departments of Dermatology and Internal Nisshin Oilliogroup, LTD. Medicine 1 Shinmei-cho, Yokosuka Division of Rheumatology Kanagawa, 239-0832, Japan Allergy and Clinical Immunology Michio Kasai was born in Gunma, Japan in Division of Pulmonary Medicine 1967. He attended Kitsato University and Department of Statistics graduated in 1989 with a degree in University of California, Davis, California Pharmaceutical Science. Afterwards, he 95616 entered the laboratory of Nisshin Oilliogurop Ltd. Also, from 1989-1992 he Hirofumi Haruna worked for the Cooperation Researcher in Food Research and Development Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Nisshin Oilliogroup, Ltd. Kanagawa, Japan Since 2001 he has been worked for the Goro Hori Cooperation Researcher in National Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Institute of health and nutrition as well as serving as a Visiting Researcher in Masashi Hosokawa, Ph.D. Ochanomizu University since 2002. Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University Teruo Kawada, Ph.D. Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Masashi Hosokawaearned his Ph.D. in Graduate School of Agriculture Fisheries Science from Hokkaido Kyoto University University in 1996. His research fields are Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan molecular nutrition, lipid biochemistry, Teruo Kawada received his PhD in Nutrition and marine food chemistry. Chemistry at Kyoto University in Japan. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Osamu Igarashi Nutrition Chemistry at Kyoto University in Ibaraki Christian University 1984. In 1991 he was a Visiting Fellow at Ibaraki, Japan CNRS in France. He became an Associate Nao Inoue Professor of Nutrition Chemistry in 1994, a Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry post he held until 2004, when he became Department of Applied Biological Sciences Professor of Molecular Function of Food.A Saga University recipient of the Young Investigator Award Saga 840-8502, Japan from the Japanese Society of Nutrition and Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press vi Contributors vii Food Science in 1991 and the Research Louise Louw, Ph.D. Award from The Uehara Memorial Department Basic Medical Sciences Foundation in 2004. Dr. Kawada’s interests Faculty of Health Sciences lay in the field of dietary factors and meta- University of the Free State bolic syndrome, especially focusing on P.O. Box 339 (G25) obesity and inflammation. Bloemfontein, South Africa Louise Louwis a professor in Basic Kazunori Koba, Ph.D. Medical Sciences (since 1995) at the Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition University of the Free State in Siebold University of Nagasaki Bloemfontein, South Africa. Her Manabino, Nagayo research field comprises the establish- Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan ment of lipid models for investigations Hiroyuki Kohno into the position of fatty acids during Department of Pathology tumorigeneses and carcinogenesis, with Kanazawa Medical University a view to essential fatty acid strategies Daigaku, Uchinada for the prevention and treatment of Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan tumors and cancers with essential fatty acid therapies. Her research has involved Kazuo Kondo international cooperation with Institute of Environmental Science for Human researchers in Canada, Great Britain and Life Europe. Her keloid research led to sever- Ochanomizu University al invited lectures in Europe, Asia, and Tokyo, Japan South Africa. She is the author of 125 Celeste G. Koster research publications. Department of Human Nutrition Hideaki Maki 1787 Neil Avenue Division of Healthcare Science Research The Ohio State University Laboratory Columbus, OH 43210 Nisshin Oilliogroup, Ltd. Howard R. Knapp Kanagawa, Japan Research Division Noboru Matsuo, Ph.D. Deaconess Billings Clinic Kao Corporation 1500 Poly Drive, Suite 202 Health care Products Research Labs Billings, MT59102-1748 2-1-3, Bunka Sumida-ku Tatsuya Kusudo Tokyo 131-8501, Japan Graduate School of Agriculture Noboru Matsuo is a Research Principal Kyoto University (Global R&D) of Health Care Products Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan Research Laboratories of Kao Corporation in Tokyo, Japan. Kao is a Byung-Se Kwon company manufacturing products in the Department of Biological Science and fields of cleanliness, beauty, health, and Immunomodulation Research Center chemicals in Japan and around the University of Ulsan world. Dr. Matsuo received a Ph.D. in Ulsan 680-749, South Korea Biological Chemistry from the Faculty Amanda E. Leonard of Agriculture of Kyushu University in Department of Strategic Research 1980. Prior to joining Kao Corporation Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories in 1985, Dr. Matsuo spent five years as a Columbus, OH 43219 postdoctoral fellow and research associ- ate at the Rockefeller University, New Li-Fen Liu York, N.Y. from 1980 to 1985. Dr. Department of Human Nutrition Matsuo has been engaged in the research 1787 Neil Avenue in nutritional science in Kao since The Ohio State University 1994. Columbus, OH 43210 Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press viii Contributors Kazuo Miyashita Saga University Division of Marine Bioscience Saga 840-8502, Japan Graduate School of Fisheries Science Satoshi Nagaoka, Ph.D. Hokkaido University Department of Applied Life Science 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Hakodate 041-8611, Japan Gifu University Teruo Miyazawa, Ph.D. Gifu 501-1193, Japan Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory Satoshi Nagaoka graduated with a Ph.D from Graduate School of Agricultural Science Nagoya University, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University Department of Agricultural Chemistry in Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi 1986. Awarded the Fellowships of Japan Sendai 981-8555, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Teruo Miyazawa is now working as a Japanese Junior Scientists in 1988. In 1989 Professor at Tohoku University, Sendai, he became a Research Assistant for Gifu Japan. He received his Ph.D. in Lipid University, Faculty of Agriculture, in the Chemistry from Tohoku University in department of Food Science. From 1993 to 1982 where he developed a chemilumi- 2003 Dr. Nagaoka served as Associate nescence method for measuring lipid Professor for Gifu University. Overseas hydroperoxides in food and biological Research Scholar (Ministry of Education) samples. Afterwards, he moved to the in 1994 and 1995 to the Boston University USDAHuman Nutrition Research School of Medicine; and, in 1996 he was Center on Aging at Tufts University in awarded the Encouragement Award of the Boston as a visiting scientist from Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food 1995–1996 to study oxidative challenges Science; since 2004 he has served as on the human brain in senile dementia. Associate Professor Gifu University, In 1998 he assumed a professorship at Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences in the Graduate School of Agricultural the Department of Life Science. In 2005 Science (GSAS); and is author and co- Dr. Nagaoka recieved the Commendation author of over 300 scientific papers, for Science and Technology by the book chapters, books, and patents on the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, health functionalities of food lipids and Science, and Technology (Research antioxidants. Dr. Miyazawa has also Category) as well as the JSBBA served as Vice Dean of GSAS and as a Innovative Research Program Award. member of University Councilor of the Stanley Naguwa Tohoku University. Departments of Dermatology and Internal Kensei Morikawa Medicine Department of Applied Life Science Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Clinical Immunology Gifu University Division of Pulmonary Medicine Gifu 501-1193, Japan Department of Statistics University of California Brian M. Morrissey Davis, California 95616 Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine Kiyotaka Nakagawa Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory Clinical Immunology Graduate School of Agricultural Science Division of Pulmonary Medicine Tohoku University Department of Statistics Sendai, Japan University of California Atsushi Nakamura Davis, California 95616 Department of Applied Life Science Koji Nagao Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry Gifu University Department of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu 501-1193, Japan Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press Contributors ix Satoshi Negishi Ryuichiro Sato, Ph.D. Division of Healthcare Science Research Department of Applied Biological Chemistry Laboratory Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Nisshin Oilliogroup, Ltd. Sciences Kanagawa, Japan The University of Tokyo 1-1-1Yayoi, Bunkyo, Chieko Nishizawa Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Division of Food Science Ryuichiro Satograduated from the Incorporated Administrative Agency University of Tokyo in 1980 and received National Institute of Health and Nutrition his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku 1985. He served as Assistant Professor at Tokyo 162-8636, Japan Teikyo University from 1986 to 1990 Naohisa Nosaka when he became a Postdoctoral fellow at Division of Healthcare Science Research the University of Texas Southwestern Laboratory Medical Center where he worked with Nisshin Oilliogroup, Ltd. Drs. Goldstein and Brown. In 1994 he Kanagawa, Japan resumed his Assistant Professorship at Teikyo University. In 1995 he became Munehiro Oda Assistant Professor at Osaka University Meiji Dairies Corporation and in 1999 he became an Assistant Odawara, Japan Professor at the University of Tokyo. In Mitsuko Okazaki 2000 he became a Professor at the Kagawa Nutrition University University of Tokyo where he teaches and Saitama, Japan conducts research today. Suzette L. Pereira, Ph.D. Morio Saito, Ph.D. Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories Division of Food Science Department of Strategic Research, Incorporated Administrative Agency 3300 Stelzer Road National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Columbus, OH 43219 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku Suzette Pereiraspent the past five years as Tokyo 162-8636, Japan a Senior Scientist in Strategic R&D divi- Morio Saitoreceived his Ph.D. in Food sion at Abbott Laboratories-Ross Chemistry from the University of Tohoku Products Division. Over that time, she in 1977. He has been a Research Scientist led projects related to the development and is currently a Director of the Division of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid of Food Science at the Incorporated (PUFA) enriched-transgenic oils with Administrative Agency, National Institute applications to the food industry. In addi- of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. He tion, she designed and conducted pre- was a visiting Professor in the Department clinical studies to understand the role of of Biochemistry at Michigan State omega-3 PUFAs in the treatment of University in 1984 and 1985 and at Utah chronic disease conditions such as can- State University in 1995. Dr. Saito is a cer. She has numerous publications and member of Japan Oil Chemists’Society, patents in the transgenic oils arena. Prior The Japanese Society of Nutrition and to her tenure at Abbott, Suzette carried Dietetics, Japanese Society of Nutrition out postdoctoral research in molecular and Food Science, The Japanese Society biology at the Ohio State University, of Lipid Peroxide and Free Radical from which she received her Ph.D. in Research, etc. He has received an out- 1997. standing award from The Japanese Society of Nutrition and Dietetic in 1985 Aparna Purushotham and a young scholar award from Japanese Department of Human Nutrition Society of Nutrition and Food Science in 1787 Neil Avenue 1987 for his efforts. Dr. Saito’s major The Ohio State University research area focuses upon physiological Columbus, OH 43210 Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press x Contributors function of n-3 PUFA, n-3 PUFAintake Society. His research areas include major- and lipid peroxidation, and food function- ing food functionality, predominantly regu- ality. lation of lipid metabolism. Haruhiko Shibata Yoshie Suzuki Department of Applied Life Science Division of Healthcare Science Research Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Laboratory Gifu University Nisshin Oilliogroup, Ltd. Gifu 501-1193, Japan Kanagawa, Japan Fumi Shibayama Koretaro Takahashi, Ph.D. Department of Applied Life Science Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Hokkaido University Gifu University 3-1-1 Minato Hakodate 041-8611, Japan Gifu 501-1193, Japan Koretaro Takahashiearned his Ph.D. from Hokkaido University in 1984. He is cur- Kazuo Shin rently a Professor at the Laboratory of Meiji Dairies Corporation Marine Products and Food Science, Odawara, Japan Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Gayle Shrode Hokkaido University in Japan. Department of Human Nutrition Masanori Takamura 1787 Neil Avenue Meiji Dairies Corporation The Ohio State University Odawara, Japan Columbus, OH 43210 Kazunari Tanaka Marthinette Slabber Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition Department of Human Nutrition Siebold University of Nagasaki Faculty of Health Sciences Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa Takuji Tanaka Department of Pathology Michihiro Sugano, Ph.D. Kanazawa Medical University Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada Sciences Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan Prefectural University of Kumamoto 3-1-100 Tsukide Teruyoshi Yanagita, Ph.D. Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan Department of Applied Biological Sciences Michihiro Suganois Professor Emeritus of Saga University Kyushu University and of the Prefectural Saga 840-8502, Japan University of Kumamoto. He is also the Teruyoshi Yanagitaearned his Ph.D. in 1975 Head of Processed Fats and Oil Nutrition from Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Research Association Japan, Representative Japan. He is currently serving as Chair and of CLAResearch Gatherings Japan, Professor in the Department of Applied Honorary member of Japanese Society of Biological Sciences at Saga University. He Nutrition and Food Sciences (JSNFS), is also an Adjunct Professor with Fellow of AOCS, International Union of Kagoshima University and Professor Nutritional Science, and served as a Honorary, Ancash National University, Member of Dietary Guideline Examining UNASAM, Peru Republic. His member- Committee, Ministry of Health, Labour ships include The Japan Society of and Welfare, Japan. He has also served as a Nutrition and Food Science where he is director or a councilor of a number of food Director of Council. and nutrition-related academic societies in Kao Vang Japan. Dr. Sugano is a received academic Departments of Dermatology and Internal awards from JSNFS, Japan Society for Medicine Bioscience, Biotechnology and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Agrichemistry, and Japan Oil Chemists’ Clinical Immunology Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press Contributors xi Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Statistics Kazuhiro Yamamoto University of California Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Davis, California 95616 Tokyo, Japan Yu-Ming Wang Takaya Yamamoto Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry Rinoru Oil Mills Co., Ltd. Department of Applied Biological Sciences Tokyo, Japan Saga University Teruyoshi Yanagita, Ph.D. Saga 840-8502, Japan Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry Mitchell Watnik Department of Applied Biological Sciences Departments of Dermatology and Internal Saga University Medicine Saga 840-8502, Japan Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Yumiko Yasui Clinical Immunology Graduate School of Fisheries Division of Pulmonary Medicine Sciences Department of Statistics Hokkaido University University of California 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate Davis, California 95616 Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan Julie Weineger Rina Yu Departments of Dermatology and Internal Department of Food Science and Medicine Nutrition Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and University of Ulsan Clinical Immunology Ulsan 680-749, South Korea Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Statistics Vincent A. Ziboh, Ph.D. University of California Department of Dermatology Davis, California 95616 University of California at Davis TB 192, One Shields Avenue Angie Wendel Davis, California 95616 Department of Human Nutrition 1787 Neil Avenue The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 Copyright © 2006 by AOCS Press