Diet, Nutrition, and Lancer: A Critical Evaluation Volume I Macronutrients and Cancer Editors Bandaru S. Reddy, Ph.D. Member and Associate Chief, Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology Head, Nutritional Biochemistry Section Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention American Health Foundation Valhalla. New York Leonard A. Cohen, Ph. D. Head, Nutritional Endocrinology Section Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention American Health Foundation Valhalla, New York Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1986 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1986 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright. com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not- for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Diet, nutrition, and cancer. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Macronutrients and cancer -- v. 2. Micronutrients, nonnutritive dietary factors, and cancer. Cancer--Nutritional aspects. I. Reddy, Bandaru S. II. Cohen, Leonard A. [DNLM: 1. Diet-- adverse effects. 2. Neoplasms--etiology. 3. Neoplasms --prevention & control. 4. Nutrition. QZ 202 D5653] RC268.45.D54 1986 616.99’4 85-15172 ISBN 0-8493-6332-2 (v. 1) ISBN 0-8493-6333-0 (v. 2) A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 85015172 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89230-6 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07140-6 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE Although the concept that diet and nutrition might influence cancer is not new, until recently this relationship has received surprisingly little detailed attention. During the 1930s, a number of laboratories, including that of Tannenbaum, were interested in the possible influence exerted by nutritional factors on susceptibility to cancer, but the question soon lost the interest of both the scientific and lay community. During the past 2 decades, renewed interest in nutritional carcinogenesis has developed. Epidemiologic studies have investigated the incidence pattern between and among population groups, differences in the rates of the disease between the sexes, changes in disease rates over time, demographic and socioeconomic distribution of diseases, effects of migration, and the dietary habits of different population groups, and have led to the conclusion that nutritional factors play a significant role in the etiology of certain types of cancer. However, it must be recognized that the correlation between nutritional factors and certain forms of cancer does not prove causation. Many factors may be necessary for cancer causation, but the modification of only one of the contributing factors, such as diet, may be sufficient to retard the chain of causative events. Studies in experimental animal models also point to dietary factors as important modulators of certain types of cancer. These studies have generally shown that increased macronutrient intake, especially fat, and certain micronutrient deficiencies lead to increased in tumor incidence in several organ sites, whereas diet restriction and dietary excess of certain mi- cronutrients lead to a lower tumor incidence. These 2 volumes bring together a wide variety of studies concerning the role nutrition plays in the etiology of various types of cancer, namely, cancer of the esophagus, upper alimentary tract, pancreas, liver, colon, breast, and prostate. The purpose of each chapter is to provide a critical interpretive review of the area, to identify gaps and inconsistencies in present knowledge, and to suggest new areas for future reasearch. Scientifically valid data supporting an association between nutrition and cancer comes from three sources: epidemiology, clinical studies, and experimental studies in laboratory animal models. Throughout the volumes, attention is given to the potential and limitations of each discipline; and the need for closer cooperation between epidemiologists, clinicians, and experimentalists is emphasized. Specific areas of concern include extrapolation of data from animal models to humans, methods of diet evaluation, the formation and occurrence of mutagens in cooked food, and the role of naturally-occurring inhibitors of carcinogenesis. We have tried to present in 19 chapters (9 chapters in Volume I, 10 chapters in Volume 11) a comprehensive view of nutrition's role in cancer. The broad coverage of diet, nutrition, and cancer provided by these chapters is intended to serve both as an introduction to readers unfamiliar with the field, as well as a source of new information for researchers. It is indeed hoped that these 2 volumes will promote a better understanding of the role of nutritional factors in the induction and inhibition of cancer, and that this understanding will lead to a reduction in cancer rates in the current generation and the prevention of cancer in future generations. Obviously, the compilation of these volumes could not have come about without the cooperation of the various authors. We most sincerely thank each of the authors for their contribution and continued assistance in submitting and editing the manuscript. THE EDITORS Bandaru S. Reddy, D.V.M., Ph.D., is presently a Member and Associate Chief of the Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention, Valhalla, New York, and Research Professor of Microbiology at New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York. He received a degree in Veterinary Medicine in 1955 from the Uni- versity of Madras, India, an M.S. in 1960 from the University of New Hampshire, and Ph.D. in 1963 from Michigan State University. He then spent 8 years as a faculty member at the Lobund Laboratory of the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. His current research interest is diet, nutrition and cancer, with particular emphasis on large bowel cancer. This is an important area of investigative research that may contribute to primary and secondary prevention of cancer. He has published about 160 papers on this and related subjects. Dr. Reddy is a member of the American Institute of Nutrition, American Association of Pathologists, American Association of Cancer Research, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Association of Gnotobiotics, and the Society of Toxicology. During 1979, he served as the President of the Association of Gnotobiotics. Leonard A. Cohen is presently Head, Section of Nutritional Endocrinology, Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention, Valhalla, New York. He received a Ph.D. from the City University of New York in 1972 in cell biology. Dr. Cohen joined the NDI soon after receiving his doctorate and has dedicated his efforts since then to the elucidation of the mechanism of mammary tumor promotion by dietary fat. Dr. Cohen is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for Breast Cancer Research, The International Association for Vitamins and Nutritional Ontology, The Tissue Culture Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. CONTRIBUTORS Maarten C. Bosland Daniel S. Longnecker Research Assistant Professor Professor of Pathology Institute of Environmental Medicine Department of Pathology New York University Medical Center Dartmouth Medical School New York, New York Hanover, New Han~pshire Andrea P. Boyar A. B. Miller Head, Section of Clinical Nutrition Director Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology NCIC Epidemiology Unit Mahoney Institute for Health University of Toronto Maintenance Toronto, Ontario American Health Foundation Canada New York, New York Reginald G. H. Morgan Associate Professor of Pathology Leonard A. Cohen Department of Physiology Head, Section of Nutritional The University of Western Australia Endocrinology Nedlands, Western Australia Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Bandaru S. Reddy Prevention Associate Chief, Division of Nutrition American Health Foundation and Endocrinology Valhalla, New York Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention Pelayo Correa American Health Foundation Professor of Pathology Valhalla, New York Louisiana State University New Orleans, Louisiana David P. Rose Chief David F. Horrobin Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology Director Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Efamol Research Institute Prevention and Mahoney Institute for Nova Scotia. Canada Health Maintenance American Health Foundation Ole M~llerJ ensen New York, New York Director Danish Cancer Registry Institute of Cancer Epidemiology Under the Danish Cancer Society Copenhagen, Denmark TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I Diet and Gastric Cancer Diet and Cancer of the Pancreas: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence The Epidemiology of Large Bowel Cancer Diet and Colon Cancer: Evidence from Human and Animal Model Studies Nutrition and the Epidemiology of Breast Cancer Dietary Fat and Mammary Cancer The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in Breast Cancer Diet and Cancer of the Prostate: Epidemiologic and Experimental Evidence Dietary Fat and Cancer Risk: The Rationale for Intervention Index Volume I1 Retinoids and Mammary Gland Tumorigenesis: A Critique Selenium and Murine Mammary Tumorigenesis Chemoprevention of Cancer Natural Inhibitors of Carcinogenesis: Fermented Milk Products Epidemiologic Findings Relating Diet to Cancer of the Esophagus Cancer of the Esophagus: Epidemiological and Experimental Studies Alcohol, Nutrition, and Cancer Mutagens and Carcinogens in Food Formation and Occurrence of Nitrosamines in Food Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer: Directions for Research Index TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Diet and Gastric Cancer.. ................................................................ l Pelayo Correa Chapter 2 Diet and Cancer of the Pancreas: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence. ......... 1 1 Daniel S. Longnecker and Reginald G. H. Morgan Chapter 3 The Epidemiology of Large Bowel Cancer.. ............................................2 7 Ole Moller Jensen Chapter 4 Diet and Colon Cancer: Evidence from Human and Animal Model Studies.. ........... 47 Bandaru S. Reddy Chapter 5 Nutrition and the Epidemiology of Breast Cancer ....................................... 67 A. B. Miller Chapter 6 Dietary Fat and Mammary Cancer.. ..................................................... 77 Leonard A. Cohen Chapter 7 The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in Breast Cancer.. .............. 101 David F. Horrobin Chapter 8 Diet and Cancer of the Prostate: Epidemiologic and Experimental Evidence ........... 125 Maarten C. Bosland Chapter 9 Dietary Fat and Cancer Risk: The Rationale for Intervention.. ......................... 15 1 David P. Rose and Andrea Boyar Index ................................................................................... 167 Volume I: Macron~ltrierzrs~ ltzdC ~tzcer l Chapter 1 DIET AND GASTRIC CANCER Pelayo Correa TABLE OF CONTENTS I . Introduction ....................................................................... 2 I1 . Why Diet? ........................................................................ 2 111 . The High Risk Diet ............................................................... 2 A . Animal Fats and Proteins .................................................. 3 B . Abundance of Complex Carbohydrates .................................... 3 C . Salads and Fruits .......................................................... 4 D . Salt ........................................................................ 4 . . E . Nitrates and N~tr~t.e.s. .................................................... 5 IV . Etiologic Hypothesis .............................................................. 6 References ................................................................................ 8