SCRIPTURAL STUDIES Did the Author of 3 Nephi 1 Know the Gospel of Matthew? Ronald V. Huggins IN 3 NEPHI IN THE BOOK OF MORMON (hereafter BOM) the resurrected Jesus Christ repeats in large part the famous Sermon on the Mount, but this time before a New World audience. The Sermon on the Mount appears twice in the New Testament, once in Matthew and once in Luke. Luke's version is often called the Sermon on the Plain because where Matthew begins by saying that Jesus "went up into a mountain" (5:1) Luke has "he came down with them, and stood in the plain" (6:17). For the sake of sim- plicity I will refer to both as the Sermon on the Mount (hereafter SOM). The form of the SOM in 3 Nephi agrees with the sequence in Matthew rather than in Luke. And the language is (for the most part) identical to that of the King James Version (hereafter KJV). THE AGREEMENT OF 3 NEPHI WITH MATTHEW That the 3 Nephi SOM agrees with that in Matthew but differs from that in Luke is seen from the following: Sayings 3 Nephi Matthew Luke 1. Beatitudes 12:1-12 5:3-12 6:20-23 2. Salt of the earth 12:13 5:13 14:34-35 1. Earlier studies on the relation of 3 Nephi to Matthew's Sermon on the Mount include Krister Stendahl, "The Sermon on the Mount and Third Nephi," in Reflections on Mormonism: Judeo-Christian Parallels, ed. Truman G. Madsen (Provo, UT: BYU Religious Studies Center, 1978), 139-54, and Stan Larson, "The Sermon on the Mount: What Its Textual Transformation Discloses Concerning the Historicity of the Book of Mormon," Trinity Journal 7 (Spring 1986): 23-45. See also Vernon K. Robbins, "Divine Dialogue and the Lord's Prayer: Socio-rhetorical Interpretation of Sacred Texts," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 28 (Fall 1995): 119-46. 138 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 3. City on a hill 12:14 5:14 - 4. Candle under a bushel 12:15 5:15 11:33 5. Let your light shine 12:16 5:16 - 6. To fulfill the law 12:17 5:17 - 7. Jot and tittle 12:18 5:18 16:17 8. Obeying 12:19 5:19 - 9. More righteousness 12:20 5:20 - 10. Raca / fool 12:21-22 5:21-22 - 11. Offering your gift 12:23-24 5:23-24 - 12. On the way to court 12:25-26 5:25-26 12:57-59 13. Heart adultery 12:27-28 5:27-28 - 14. Cast into hell 12:29-30 5:29-30 - 15. Divorce 12:31-32 5:31-32 16:18 16. Swear not at all 12:33-37 5:33-37 - 17. Turn the other cheek 12:38-39 5:38-39 16:29 18. Your cloak also 12:40 5:40 16:29 19. The second mile 12:41 5:41 - 20. Give to the borrower 12:42 5:42 16:30 21. Love your enemies 12:43-45a 5:43-45a 6:27 22. On the just and unjust 12:45b 5:45b - 23. Law fulfilled 12:46-47 5:46-47 - 24. Be ye perfect 12:48 5:48 6:36 25. Alms in secret 13:1-4 6:1-4 - 26. Prayer in secret 13:5-6 6:5-6 - 27. Vain repetitions 13:7-8 6:7-8 - 28. The Lord's Prayer 13:9-13 6:9-13 11:2-4 29. If you forgive ... 13:14-15 6:14-15 - 30. Fast in secret 13:16-18 6:16-18 - 31. Treasures in heaven 13:19-21 6:19-21 12:33-34 32. The single eye 13:22-23 6:22-23 11:34-36 33. God and Mammon 13:24 6:24 16:13 34. Do not worry 13:25b-34 6:25-34 12:22-31 35. Judge not 14:1-2 7:1-2 6:37-38 36. Mote and log 14:3-5 7:3-5 6:41-42 37. Pearls before swine 14:6 7:6 - 38. Ask, seek, knock 14:7-11 7:7-11 11:9-13 39. The golden rule 14:12 7:12 6:31 40. The strait gate 14:13-14 7:13-14 13:23-24 41. In sheep's clothing 14:15 7:15 - 42. By their fruits 14:16-20 7:16-20 7:43-45 43.1 never knew you! 14:21-23 7:21-23 6:46 44. House on rock / sand 14:24-27 7:24-27 6:47-49 Huggins: Did the Author of 3 Nephi Know the Gospel of Matthew? 139 What is more where the language of parallel sayings in Matthew and Luke differ, 3 Nephi's version consistently agrees with Matthew's form rather than Luke's. Two typical examples will suffice. The first is the fa- miliar Golden Rule:2 3 Nephi Matthew Luke Therefore all things Therefore all things And as ye would that whatsoever ye would that whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, men should do to you, do men should do to you, do do ye also to them ye even so to them: for ye even so to them: for likewise (6:31). this is the law and the this is the law and the prophets (14:12). prophets (7:12). In this case, as in many others, the language of 3 Nephi and Matthew is identical, while Luke's is conspicuously different. Some sayings have been modified to a greater or lesser extent in 3 Nephi but nevertheless still reflect closer affinity to Matthew than to Luke. The second example, the Lord's Prayer, is of this kind: 3 Nephi Matthew Luke3 Our Father which4 Our Father which Our Father which art in heaven, art in heaven, art in heaven, Hallowed be Hallowed be Hallowed be thy name. thy name. thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be Thy will be Thy will be done in5 earth done in earth, done, as in heaven, as it is in heaven. as it is in heaven. so on earth. Give us this day Give us day by day our daily bread. our daily bread. And forgive us And forgive us And forgive us our debts, as we our debts, as we our sins; for we also forgive our debtors. forgive our debtors. forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not And lead us not And lead us not into temptation, into temptation, into temptation; 2. All quotations from the BOM are taken from the 1830 first edition. Chapter and verse divisions, however, conform to the modern LDS edition. In the first edition of the BOM the SOM appeared in chapters 5 and 6 of the third book of Nephi (pp. 479-85). 3. The KJV version of the Lord's Prayer (reproduced here) has been expanded some- what in the process of textual transmission. We therefore put those portions now considered part of the original Lukan version of the prayer in bold type. 4. Recent editions of the BOM have "who" rather than "which." 5. Recent editions have "on" rather than "in." 140 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought but deliver us but deliver us but deliver us from evil. For from evil: For from evil (11:2-4). thine is the thine is the kingdom, kingdom, and the power, and the power, and the glory, for and the glory, for ever. Amen ever. Amen (6:9-13). (13:9-13). Apart from the absence of the petitions for the coming of the kingdom and daily bread, the form of the Lord's Prayer in 3 Nephi agrees with Matthew's rather than with Luke's. It is obvious from these examples that we are dealing here with one of many BOM passages where the language is clearly taken from the KJV. A standard argument accounting for this phenomenon in the BOM has been to speculate that when Joseph Smith saw that the passage before him on the gold plates was the same as some known passage of scripture he simply adopted the familiar language of the KJV in his translation. Thus in the present case it would be assumed that we are dealing with the retelling of an almost identical sermon in the New World which had already been delivered in Palestine and been preserved in Matthew. Such an explanation, however, overlooks important factors relating to the com- position of Matthew, particularly its use of written sources. It has long been recognized that Matthew, Mark, and Luke are inter- related in terms of their shared sources. Sometimes their language is identical in related passages, pointing to a common source or else to mu- tual dependence of some sort. Yet at other times they differ significantly in both language and chronology. By far the most common way of ex- plaining this interrelationship by scholars today is to say, first, that Mat- thew and Luke had Mark as a common source. They both, in other words, knew and used Mark. It is then further argued that, given their differing versions of the infancy account and genealogy of Jesus, Luke could not have known Matthew, nor Matthew Luke. Such differences, it is urged, would be hard to explain if one gospel writer knew the other. On the other hand, there are a number of passages that Luke and Mat- thew both have but Mark does not. This being the case, it is necessary to suppose that, not knowing each other, Matthew and Luke must have shared another source besides Mark. This additional shared source is commonly referred to as "Q" (from the German Quelle, meaning "source"). Another argument commonly given for the independence of Luke and Matthew is the fact that material from Q does not always appear in the same location in Matthew and Luke. It is reasoned, in other words, that if Luke had known Matthew, or if Matthew had known Luke, they Huggins: Did the Author of 3 Nephi Know the Gospel of Matthew? 141 would have consistently placed Q material (which is mostly sayings) at the same places in their narratives. They do not. This common explanation is called the two-source theory, since it con- tends that Matthew and Luke share two common sources: Mark and Q. Further details of this theory along with a description of the arguments usually set forth in its favor may be found in any standard New Testa- ment introduction.6 According to the two-source theory the compositional problem faced by Matthew and Luke can be understood as follows: Imagine you are about to write a gospel. As sources on your desk you have first of all the gospel of Mark, which will provide your narrative framework but which contains relatively few sayings of Jesus. Also on your desk is another document which contains mostly sayings. Few of these, however, give any clue as to the actual setting in which they were originally uttered. Your task is to shape the two documents (along perhaps with a number of other items you have found elsewhere) into a coherent whole. According to the dominant two-source theory, something very like this was faced by Matthew and Luke as they set about writing their gos- pels. Of the two, Luke took the simpler approach to incorporating Q into Mark's outline. Most of it he introduced in more or less one large block at the point in Mark's outline where Jesus has embarked on his final trip to Jerusalem (9:57-19:27/ / cf. between Mark 10:45 and 46). Luke introduces Q's expanded version of the preaching of John the Baptist and the bap- tism and wilderness temptation of Jesus at the natural place in Mark's outline, where Mark had his own shorter version of the same events al- ready. Luke's placement of the SOM follows immediately after the choos- ing of the twelve disciples. This is probably because the Q version of the SOM contained in its preamble a reference to the fact that the sermon was addressed primarily to Jesus' disciples. Scholars gather this from the fact that both Matthew and Luke take this for granted. In addition, the Q ver- sion of the SOM must have been preceded by reference to large crowds coming from various places to be healed or delivered from demons since both Matthew and Luke agree in inserting their versions almost immedi- ately after such a statement (Luke 6:17-18/ /Matt 4:23-25). Mark's parallel passage (3:7-12), which is also connected with the choosing of the twelve (vv. 13-19), would thus have provided Luke with a clue as to where to in- corporate his version of the SOM. Once Luke had determined the proper location for the SOM, his placement of the material originally following 6. See, for example, Werner Georg Kiimmel, Introduction to the New Testament, rev. and enlgd. English ed., trans. Howard Clark Kee (Nashville: Abingdon, 1975), 38-80. For a non- technical yet pleasingly comprehensive (though by now a little dated) discussion of Q, see Jack Dean Kingsbury, Jesus Christ in Matthew, Mark, and Luke (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1981), 1- 27. 142 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought the SOM in Q (i.e., the healing of the centurion's son [Luke 6:20b-6:49 + 7:1-10] and probably John the Baptist's question to Jesus and Jesus' an- swer and subsequent praise of John [7:18-35]) followed suit as well.7 The last bit of Q material, the twelve thrones on which the apostles will even- tually sit (Luke 22:28-30), is linked by Luke to Jesus' teaching on the dif- ference between rulers of this world and rulers in the kingdom. Matthew, in contrast to Luke's conservatism with regard to breaking up and redistributing Q material, has, in the process of developing five major dominical discourses (Matt. 5-7,10,13,18, 24-25), freely rearranged Q material and supplemented it with his own special material. This rear- rangement of material is not limited to Q, but extends even to reshaping Mark's narrative outline.8 Part of Matthew's rationale for doing this ap- pears to have been (among other things) his interest in structuring his gospel around significant numbers, especially threes and fives. Echoing the Trinitarian baptismal formula of Matthew 28:19 and the three-trier ge- nealogy of 1:1-16, Matthew's entire gospel is divided into three main sec- tions by the transitional phrase apo tote erxato ... ("from that time on he [Jesus] began ... ") at 4:17 and 16:20.9 Following the suggestion made in 1930 by B. W. Bacon, many scholars see in Matthew's five great dis- courses an intentional parallel to the five books of Torah, with Jesus being represented as the new lawgiver, the new Moses.10 Some scholars have tried to dispense with Q by suggesting that Luke knew and used both Mark and Matthew.11 The reason that solution is not acceptable was already explained by B. H. Streeter in the 1920s. If Luke had really derived his material from Matthew, he must have gone through both Mat- thew and Mark so as to discriminate with meticulous precision between 7. The account of the healing of the centurion's son/servant follows close on the heals of the SOM in both Matthew and Luke, indicating that it also followed it in Q. The location of the material on John the Baptist, though less certain, is probable given the fact that Luke, consistent with his aims as outlined in Luke 1:1-4, is much less ready to break up and redis- tribute parts of Q than is Matthew. 8. Thus J. C. Hawkins long ago noted that in chapters 8-11 of Matthew not "much ac- count is taken of the Marcan arrangement and order" (in E. P. Sanders, "The Argument from Order and the Relationship between Matthew and Luke," New Testament Studies 15 [1968-69]: 254). 9. See, for example, F. Neirynck, "APO TOTE HPSATO and the Structure of Matthew," Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 64 (1988): 21-59. For other significant threes, see J. C. Hawkins, Home Synopticae, 2d. ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1909), 165-67, and W. A. Allen, St. Matthew, 3d. ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, n.d. [1912]), lxiv-lxv. 10. B. W. Bacon, Studies in Matthew (New York: Scribner's, 1930). See, more recently, Ben F. Meyer, Five Speeches that Changed the World (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1994), and Dale C. Allison, The New Moses: A Matthean Typology (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993). 11. See Austin Farrer, "On Dispensing with Q," in Studies in the Gospels, ed. D. E. Nine- ham (Naperville, IL: Allenson, 1957), 55-86. Huggins: Did the Author of 3 Nephi Know the Gospel of Matthew? 143 Marcan and non-Marcan material; he must then have proceeded with the ut- most care to tear every little piece of the non-Marcan material ... from the context of Mark from which it appeared in Matthew—in spite of the fact that contexts in Matthew are always exceedingly appropriate—in order to re-in- sert it into a different context of Mark having no special appropriateness.12 A simpler way of expressing this would be to say that (1) although it would be easy to imagine that if Matthew had Luke as one of his sources along with Mark, he might have broken down the sayings sections in Luke (especially the large central section 9:57-19:27) in order to scatter them about in different locations in his gospel in service of his own redac- tional interests; and (2) it would be harder to imagine and for Luke to ac- complish having Matthew before him to draw the various sayings that Matthew has scattered throughout his gospel together (some of them ap- pear outside the boundaries of the five main discourses: Matt. 15:14; 17:20; 19:28; 19:30; 22:1-10) in order to deposit them for no apparent rea- son in a lump in the middle of his gospel. What conceivable reason, in addition, could Luke have had for dismantling Matthew's beautiful SOM or for replacing Matthew's fuller version of the Lord's Prayer with his own more clipped one? Because of considerations such as these, scholars have rejected the idea that Luke had Matthew as one of his sources. On the other hand, because of this difference between the way Luke and Matthew arrange their common "second-source" material, I have also attempted in an earlier study to dispense with Q by proposing that while Luke did not know Matthew, Matthew knew Luke. But whether Matthew knew Luke, or Matthew and Luke knew Q, it is clear that it was Matthew who aggressively restructured and expanded the traditional material that came into his hands in the interest of the design and mes- sage of his gospel. THE FORM OF Q'S SERMON ON THE MOUNT Given Luke's overall conservatism, compared to Matthew's, it is scarcely surprising that the majority of scholars today believe that Luke reflects more accurately both the original order and the original form of Q. This general conclusion includes the Q version of the SOM as well. Hans Dieter Betz, for example, describes the view "most agreeable to present scholarship" as follows: "There was one source Q that contained an early form of the Sermon (Q-Sermon), identical, or nearly identical, with Luke's SP [Sermon on the Plain] (Q-SP). Matthew's SM [SOM] 12. B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels (London: Macmillan, 1924), 161. 13. Ronald V. Huggins, "Matthean Posteriority: A Preliminary Proposal," Novum Testa- mentum 34 (1992): 1-22. 144 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought would then be this evangelist's revision and expansion of Q-SP, for which he used other special traditions (Sondergut)."14: The extent to which Mat- thew's SOM differs both in length and arrangement from Luke's is seen in the following, which follows the order and extent of Luke: Luke Matthew 1. The Beatitudes 6:20-23 5:3-12 2. But woe to the one ... 6:24-26 - 3. Love your enemies 6:27-28 5:44 4. Turn the other cheek 6:29a 5:39 5. Thy cloak also 6:29b 5:40 6. Give to the borrower 6:30 5:42 7. The golden rule 6:31 7:12 8. If you love those ... 6:32-33 5:46-47 9. If you lend ... 6:34-35 - 10. Be ye merciful/perfect 6:36 5:48 11. Judge not 6:37 7:l-2a 12. Give and it will be 6:38a - 13. The same measure 6:38b 7:2b 14. Blind leading blind 6:39 15:14 15. Not above his teacher 6:40 10:24-25 16. Mote and log 6:41-42 7:3-5 17. By their fruit 6:43-44 7:17-18 18. Heart treasury 6:45 12:35 19. Lord! Lord! 6:46 7:21 20. House on rock/sand 6:47-49 7:24-27 If Matthew's SOM derives from a Q SOM "identical, or nearly identi- cal" to Luke's, as common scholarly opinion suggests, or if he derived it from Luke and then built it up with material from other places in Luke along with additional material of unknown origin, as I have elsewhere argued, then it is clear that to a great extent the form and arrangement of the Matthean SOM comes not from Jesus but from Matthew. DID THE AUTHOR OF 3 NEPHI KNOW MATTHEW? This brings us back to the question raised in the title: "Did the author of 3 Nephi know the gospel of Matthew?" Obviously the Nephi who re- corded the post-resurrection, New World version of the SOM could not have known the gospel of Matthew. But if Matthew is responsible for the 14. Hans Dieter Betz, The Sermon on the Mount (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995), 42-43. Huggins: Did the Author of 3 Nephi Know the Gospel of Matthew? 145 arrangement of his gospel's SOM, then it would also seem to be impossi- ble for the author of 3 Nephi 12-14 to produce those chapters without knowing the gospel of Matthew. The answer to the question in the title therefore is both no and yes. No, Nephi did not know, could not have known, the gospel of Matthew. Yes, the author of 3 Nephi, presumably Jo- seph Smith, Jr., did know, must have known, the gospel of Matthew. This conclusion strengthens arguments set forth in certain earlier studies. Stan Larson, for example, in his detailed study of the textual his- tory of Matthew's SOM as it relates to the 3 Nephi version, concluded that consistently the BOM blindly follows the KJV at the precise point where the KJV falls into error due to mistranslating the Greek or translating late and derivative Greek texts which are demonstrably secondary developments in the textual tradi- tion. The evidence leads one inexorably to the conclusion (at least for the sec- tion comprising 3 Nephi 12-14) that the term "translation" is inappropriate, since nowhere in the BOM version of Jesus' masterful sermon is there any in- disputable evidence of being a translation from an ancient document.15 Given the thoroughness of Larson's treatment, there is no reason to dwell on questions relating to the textual criticism of the SOM here. Those argu- ments, in any case, touch only the issue of the transmission of Matthew in its final form, while our discussion deals with an earlier phase—the pro- cess of composition through which Matthew originally came into its final form. Given Larson's article alone, some might continue to appeal (if not quite legitimately at least semi-plausibly) to the argument that Smith, upon realizing that he was encountering a version of the SOM on the gold plates that was for all intents and purposes identical to Matthew's, simply chose to translate it in the familiar language of the KJV. In the pro- cess, the imposing evidence presented by Larson could be dismissed by (1) attempting to cast doubt on current text-critical methods, or by (2) suggesting that Smith's concept of "translation" was flexible enough to render insignificant those cases where he inadvertently incorporated in- ferior KJV readings into the BOM. Is it really so heinous, it might thus be argued, that the ending of the Lord's Prayer—"For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen"—though a late addition to Matthew's version and therefore probably absent from the lips of the res- urrected Lord as he taught the Nephites, ended up in the BOM? If what we have argued here is correct, however, the Lord was not simply repeat- ing a sermon which he had previously delivered but was organizing his sayings into a form that agreed with the organization Matthew would in- dependently give them several decades later. While "anything is possible 15. Larson, "Sermon on the Mount," 43. 146 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought with God/' such an explanation makes a sham of all textual and source- critical studies. RECONTEXTUALIZING MATTHEW'S SOM IN 3 NEPHI'S NEW WORLD SETTING Once it is recognized that 3 Nephi's SOM had as its principle source Matthew's SOM in the language of the KJV, a number of things become clear. Not only does it explain why 3 Nephi's version contains the textual corruptions of the KJV version of Matthew's SOM, and why Matthew's organization of the sayings of Jesus appears in a document ostensibly written decades before the gospel of Matthew and in a different hemi- sphere, it also explains why certain changes were made and why certain other points where changes were not made introduce significant histori- cal and narrational inconsistencies. While the reasons for some of the changes are not immediately ap- parent, others seem obvious. The replacement of KJV Matthew's "far- thing" (5:26) with "senine" (12:26), for example, was a move taken to introduce verisimilitude, the senine being "the smallest Nephite measure of gold (Alma 11:3,15-19)."16 Further in the KJV Matt 5:20 Matthew had: For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. 3 Nephi 12:20b changes this to: ... for verily I say unto you, that except ye shall keep my commandments, which I have commanded you at this time, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. The shared language of these two passages and their identical placement in relation to Matthew's sequence indicate that 3 Nephi's version was de- rived from Matthew. Krister Stendahl's attribution of the absence in 3 Nephi 12:20b of any mention of Scribes and Pharisees to the "truly re- freshing and welcome and unique," "non-anti-Semitic" character of the Mormon tradition17 is kind but almost certainly not correct. The more ob- 16. Robert Timothy Updegraff, "Sermon on the Mount/' Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 3:1299. It is also possible that it was intended to avoid mention being made of the coinage of the Roman Empire to people who had come to the Western hemisphere long before that empire existed. But this is less certain since "far- thing" was the name of the English quarter-penny used by the KJV in this instance to trans- late the Greek kordantes, which refers to the Roman quadrans. 17. Stendahl, "Sermon on the Mount and Third Nephi," 151.