Dictionary of Zoo Biology and Animal Management The back cover of the catalogue of Bostock and Wombwell’s Royal No. 1 Menagerie (1917 edition), illustrating a visit to Windsor Castle in 1847. (Courtesy of Chetham’s Library, Manchester.) Dictionary of Zoo Biology and Animal Management A guide to terminology used in zoo biology, animal welfare, wildlife conservation and livestock production Paul A. Rees Senior Lecturer, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rees, Paul A. Dictionary of zoo biology and animal management / Paul A. Rees. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67148-1 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-67147-4 (pbk.) 1. Zoology–Terminology. 2. Wildlife conservation– Terminology. 3. Animal welfare–Terminology. 4. Livestock–Terminology. I. Title. QL10.R44 2013 590.3–dc23 2012031386 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Male western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Cover design by Simon Levy Associates Set in 8/10 pt Meridien by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 Contents Preface viii Acknowledgements x How to use this book xi A note on classification xii Alphabetical entries 1 Acronyms and abbreviations 315 References 321 v For Katy, Clara, Mum and Dad ‘There’s nothing more interesting than an orangutan’. Terry Maple (in a lecture given at a symposium held at Detroit Zoo 6 – 7 August 2011: From Good Care to Great Welfare – Advancing Zoo Animal Welfare Science and Policy). An entry from the journal of Princess Victoria, aged 17 years, following a visit to the Zoological Gardens in Regent’s Park, London on Saturday 18 June 1836, the year before her coronation. (An extract from Lord Esher’s typescripts of Queen Victoria’s Journals, volume 2, page 19, The Royal Archives.) ‘At 10 we went with Lehzen to the Zoological Gardens to see the Giraffes. There are four; they are young and not full grown, though already very tall, and are in very good health. There is a Frenchman and 3 Nubians with them. The Frenchman, from having been a long time in Africa, has adopted the costume of a native and wears a long beard. The natives are of a dark mahogany complexion, and wear red caps like the Turks. Two wore long, loose linen robes, which reached to above their ancles; the youngest, who was only 18 years old, had his face tatooed and wore a blue calico dress. The Giraffes have beautiful large black eyes, and are very good tempered.’ Preface This book is intended, in part, as a companion to my • Experimental design previous work, An Introduction to Zoo Biology and Man- • Histology agement (Wiley-Blackwell). It focuses on zoo animals, • Law farm animals and companion animals and covers a • Nutrition wide range of topics from animal anatomy to zoo • Parasitology history. I hope it will be useful as a source of informa- • Physiology tion for students studying a wide range of courses • Reproduction concerned with the management of animals, and pro- • Statistics fessionals working in these areas. • Veterinary science In addition to entries directly concerned with the • Wildlife conservation management of animals, I have also included terms • Zoo biology which readers may encounter in the course of their studies or words which will help them to appreciate Some of the terms defined in this book may have the context in which animal management occurs. For additional meanings in common usage and other spe- example, I have included definitions of legal terms and cific meanings in other disciplines which have been entries describing particular laws (including interna- omitted. For example, ‘saltation’ has a meaning in tional treaties) which are relevant to agriculture, con- relation to genetics and evolution, and is also a method servation, companion animals, hunting, sport and of locomotion. Both of these definitions are of interest zoos. I have also included a number of ecological terms in the context of this book. However, the term also has which, although they might be better placed in a dic- a meaning in geology which is unlikely to be of inter- tionary of ecology, are important in understanding est to readers of this work, so this has been omitted. I interactions within natural populations and in describ- have attempted to give only brief definitions of terms ing the habitats that zoos often attempt to simulate in likely to be explained elsewhere (e.g. in a biology naturalistic exhibits, or to which they may refer in the dictionary) and more detailed accounts of terms which interpretation of their exhibits. are the proper concern of a specialised dictionary of Zoo biology is a relatively new discipline and I have zoo biology and animal management. placed considerable emphasis on terms used in this A number of references are made to the laws of field. The academic journal Zoo Biology only came into various countries. By its very nature, law changes over existence as recently as 1982, although the concept of time and the reader should not assume that any legal a science devoted to the study of animals living in zoos references necessarily relate to current law. In some can be traced back to the work of Heini Hediger. He cases I have made specific reference to laws which are wrote a number of important books including Studies no longer in force because of their historical impor- of the Psychology and Behaviour of Captive Animals in Zoos tance. In other cases I have referred to legal definitions and Circuses (1955), Wild Animals in Captivity: an Outline to illustrate the differences between the meaning of of the Biology of Zoological Gardens (1964) and Psychology words between legal jurisdictions and the differences and Behaviour of Animals in Zoos and Circuses (1969). I between the scientific and legal meanings of a particu- have attempted to include a very wide range of terms lar term. that anyone studying zoo biology or animal manage- Several years ago my daughter and an ex-student ment, or a related subject, might encounter. In total both independently gave me the same small poster there are over 5000 entries, including terms used in: with a picture of an elephant and a speech bubble declaring ‘Those of you who think you know everything are • Agriculture annoying to those of us that do.’ I prefer to think that these • Animal behaviour gifts were selected because of my fondness for ele- • Animal husbandry phants rather than the sentiment expressed by the • Animal welfare text. There is nothing more humbling than writing a • Biochemistry dictionary and finding that you have to look up the • Cell biology meaning of most of the words you want to include. • Companion animal studies However, I remember reading J. Z. Young’s Life of Ver- • Ecology tebrates many years ago as a young undergraduate and viii