Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary Volume One The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Joan Palevsky Literature in Translation Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation. Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary Volume One Chinese Historical Illness Terminology Zhang Zhibin and Paul U. Unschuld A Volume of the Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary Project Paul U. Unschuld, General Editor University of California Press University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and in- stitutions. For more information, visit: www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2015 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ben cao gang mu dictionary / edited by Zhang Zhibin, Paul U. Unschuld. volumes cm Includes bibliographical references. Contents: volume 1. Chinese historical illness terminology ISBN 978-0-520-28395-4 (cloth : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-520-28395-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Li, Shizhen, 1518-1593. Ben cao gang mu. 2. Medicine, Chinese--History--16th century. 3. Medicine, Chinese--Dictionaries. 4. Materia medica, Vegetable-- China. I. Zhang, Zhibin, 1953- editor. II. Unschuld, Paul U. (Paul Ulrich), 1943- editor. III. Title: Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. RS180.C5B45 2015 615.3‘210951--dc23 2014018742 Manufactured in the United States 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997)(Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS Acknowledgments / 7 I. Introduction / 9 1. The Ben cao gang mu Project / 9 2. The Heterogeneity of Early Illness Terminology / 12 3. The Concept of Disease and Symptoms / 14 4. Technical Terminology / 15 5. Vernacular-Descriptive Terms / 19 6. Terms Reflecting the Mechanics of the Human Organism / 20 7. Locally Specific Terms / 22 8. Demon Belief Terms / 22 9. This Dictionary’s Underlying Principles / 25 9.1. Pseudocomposites / 26 9.2. Two Terms—One Meaning / 27 9.3. One Term—Different Meanings / 28 9.4. Meanings Selected by Li Shizhen / 29 9.5. Meanings Introduced by Li Shizhen / 32 9.6 Error and Intention: The Divergence of the BCGM from Its Sources / 34 9.6.1. Intentional Divergence—in Style / 34 9.6.2. Intentional Divergence—in Technical Terms / 36 9.6.3. Erroneous Divergence / 37 9.6.4. Divergence—Reasons Unclear / 38 10. The Structure of the Entries of this Dictionary / 39 II. Ben cao gang mu Dictionary / 41 1. Abbreviations / 42 2. Dictionary / 43 3. Appendix 1: Book Titles Referred to and Quoted in the Dictionary Entries / 707 4. Appendix 2: Pharmaceutical Substances Referred to in the Dictionary Entries / 722 Acknowledgments The research leading to the preparation of this volume of the Ben cao gang mu Dictionary was financed by Stiftung Volkswagenwerk. The institutional frame- work enabling us to pursue this project was the Horst-Goertz-Stiftungsinstitut, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, funded by the Horst-Goertz-Foundation from 2006 through 2013. Martin Huber, Klaus Neugebauer and David Dornier generously provided us with additional support to continue our work into 2014 and complete the compilation of this volume. Prof. Zhang Zhibin of the Research In- stitute for the History of Medicine and Medical Literature of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing laid the foundations to the present volume by researching and documenting all Chinese data required. The authors of and con- tributors to the other volumes of this project, Zheng Jinsheng, Paul D. Buell, Nalini Kirk, and Ulrike Unschuld all participated in countless sessions to jointly discuss and possibly solve difficult issues. Siglinde Mooney assisted in technical matters. Christine Hu gave the manuscript its final layout. We are most grateful to all these individuals and institutions for their belief in this project and their conceptual as well as financial support. I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Ben cao gang mu Project This is the first volume of a project aimed at providing better access to the Ben cao gang mu (BCGM) (cid:7516)(cid:14713)(cid:13281)(cid:11550), China’s great encyclopedia of pharmaceutical lore, first published in 1598 and designated a world cultural heritage in 2012. In addition to the current volume, which focuses on identification and explanation of the oc- currence and meaning of approximately 4,500 illness terms in the BCGM, three ad- ditional volumes will complete the Ben cao gang muDictionary. They include a sec- ond volume dedicated to verifying and localizing geographical designations and a third identifying all book titles and authors named in the BCGM. A fourth volume will offer a historical survey of the identifications of all pharmaceutical substances mentioned in the BCGM. The illness terminology encountered in the BCGM reflects Chinese observations and theorization of more than 1,500 years. The terms employed often fail to overlap with modern biomedical terminology. Their correct translation and interpretation, based on an application of historical and philological principles, are preconditions for a meaningful reading of the pharmaceutical and therapeutic data gathered not only in the BCGM but also in countless other premodern works using the same terminology. While the BCGM is a huge repository of Chinese historical illness terminology, it cannot be said to reflect the entirety of premodern illness terms. The BCGM is first of all a pharmaceutical encyclopedia. The illness terms encountered in the text are those used in pharmaceutical treatments. Also, for the most part the BCGM quotes from earlier printed sources. That is, it documents local folk-med- ical usages less often. The same applies to illness terms restricted to acupuncture. Since Chinese pharmaceutical treatment has played a significant role in apotropaic therapies cherished by large parts of the Chinese population of all social strata up to the present day, illness terms associated with demon possession and requests for exorcistic treatments are well represented in the BCGM. Of similar importance to users of the Ben cao gang mu Dictionary is a correct reading of the geographical designations that the BCGM provides in the context 9