A D I C T I O N A R Y OF SANSKRI T G R A M M A R By Late Mahamahopadhyaya Kashinath Vasndev Abhyankar, M.A., Retired Professor of Sanskrit, Gujarat College, Abmedabad; Hon. Professor of Sanskrit, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona and J. M. Shnkla, M.A., Ph.D., Retired Reader of Sanskrit, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad -380009 Oriental Institute Baroda 1986 First Edition : 1961 Second Revised Edition : 1977 Third Edition (Reprint) : 1986 Copies : 2000 © All Rights reserved by the Publishers Price Rs. 99.50 Ps. Copies can be had of:— The Manager, UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS SALES UNIT, M. S. University of Baroda Press, (Sadhana Press), Near Palace Gate, Palace Road, Baroda-390001 Re-printed by Photo-offset process at the “Navajivan Press, P.O. Navajivan, Ahmedabad-380014” for Shri P. N. Srivastav, Manager, The Maha/aja Sayajirao University of Baroda Press (Sadhana Press), near Palace Gate, Palace Road, Baroda and published on behalf of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda by Dr. S. G. Kantawala, Director, Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Baroda, March, 1986. FOREWORD The first edition of "A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar" by Mahamahopa- dhyaya Professor Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar was published in 1961 as Gaekwad's Oriental Series No. 134 by the Oriental Institute under the authority of the M. S. University of Baroda. In 1977 its second revised edition by MM. Professor Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar and Dr. Jayadevbhai Mohanlal Shukla was publish­ ed with an addition of "about three hundred new entries" (Preface to the second edition by Dr. J. M. Shukla) as Gaekwad’s Oriental Series No. 134. Within a very short span of time the edition went out of print indicating its importance and utility as a reference-book. There has been an incessant demand for this book and we are happy to bring out its third edition. I tender my most sincere feelings of gratitude to Professor Dr. M. N. Desai, Vice-Chancellor, M. S. University of Baroda for his keen interest and for providing facilities for the reprint. I am grateful to Professor Ramlal Parikh, Vice-Chancellor, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Ahmedabad for his interest in this work by persuading the Navajivan Press to accept the printing of this work, "A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar" by photo-offset process. We are thankful to Shri Jitendra T. Desai, General Manager, Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad, for his cooperation and for expediting the printing. I am also thankful to Shri P. N. Srivastav, Manager, M. S. University of Baroda Press and also Shri N. N. Shah, Technical Assistant and my other colleagues in the Oriental Institute for cooperation and toy expediting the publication of this work. / Vadodara S. G. KANTAWALA 24 March, 1986 DIRECTOR ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Within a few years after the publication of ‘ A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar \ the book became out of print. With continuous inquiries pouring in about its availability it was thought necessary that a second edition should be made available to the serious students of Sanskrit learning. Hence, a request was sent to the Director, Oriental institute, Baroda for the issue of a second edition. He readily accepted the request. Prof. K. V. Abhyankar, my revered teacher asked me to revise all the entries, add a few more references to the existing entries and further add about three hundred new entries. I readily accepted his suggestion. The new entries are mostly of the nature of semantic terms. Before the printing of the book was taken up a tragic event took place. Prof. Abhyankar, with Mrs. Abhyankar, their two brilliant young grand children, and an aged servant, met with an unnatural and tragic death. Sanskrit scholars in India and the West were shocked at this unprecedented vagary of Destiny. Prof. Abhyankar was the most authoritative of the grammarians active in India. He enriched research in Vyakaranasastra by his scholarly works like Vakyapadlya, Mahabhasyadlpika, Paribhasasamgraha and others which are indispensable to students of grammar. I express my deep and sincere sense of gratitude to Dr. A. N. Jani, the present Director, Oriental Institute, Baroda, for planning the completion of printing of this book in a record time of about ten months. But for his zest and vigour the work would not have been completed so soon. I am particularly thankful to Shri Siddhartha Y. Wakankar, Research Officer of the Oriental Institute, for scrupulously correcting the proofs of this work. I thank the mthorities and workers of the M. S. University Press for expediting the pri ting of the present work. Ahmedabad, 21-10-77 J. M. Shukla I! sprwfan n jrrc . m<$m. n \ ii swim s p u rN strict RsrafarsiT i mmR fi$resn#n$« qitoifowj, ll R II Sfi^ n^ nratorar I \ #w t pfufar ii ll srTl^ T (jp i I ll « 11 3ra^ # # N fkm^: || H II If S9IWf 5Tli JT^^^^ROIR[ I a&j #ficf g ra fts ll * ll 3^^»ra: %i%^ f^RTT ^ I s r s ^ f f sn^ ««rat i%: n * ii I si I INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION Object of this Dictionary No apology is needed for undertaking the compilation of the present ‘ Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar’, which, although concise, is expected to meet the needs of Sanskrit scholars and research students of Vyakarana and other Sastras by serving as a useful reference book in their study of, and research work in, any branch of Sanskrit learning. The many independent treatises in the several Sastras and the learned commentaries upon them, as also the commentaries on classical poems and dramas, are, in fact, full of grammatical explanations of words and constructions, involving a liberal use of grammatical expressions and technical terms at several places. The elementary knowledge of grammar which a scholar of Sanskrit possesses, is not found sufficient for his understanding fully the grammatical references in these books, especially so at present, when the practice of sending young boys to the Sanskrit Pathasalas to study the standard classical works with commentaries along with some standard elementary treatises on grammar, has already stopped. The number of Sanskrit Panditas and Sastrins, who had to obtain a sound footing in grammar before they undertook the study of the higher texts of the several Sastras, and who, therefore, could be consulted by young scholars and research workers in the several Sastras, has also diminished considerably. The usual Sanskrit Dictionaries such as those of Monier Williams, V. S. Apte and others are found of no avail in supplying explanations of the grammatical technique which confronts modem scholars at every step in their critical reading of the several Sanskrit texts. Under these circumstances, it is only the technical dictionaries of the type of the present ‘Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar ’ that can render a valuable assistance to scholars and research workers in their reading of the higher Sanskrit texts in the Several Sastras, Beginnings of Sanskrit Grammar Every science has necessarily its own terminology and a special vocabulary. The remark is true with respect to Sanskrit Grammar or Vyakaranasastra which has developed as a science during the last two thousand years and has got several technical terms and numerous words with a special grammatical significance. The origin of grammar can well-nigh be traced to the Period of the Brahmanas i.e. about 1000 B.C., when Vedic scholars began to discuss the meaning of the inspired Vedic hymns by carefully showing disconnected, the words of the Vedic hymns and noting down the differences in accents as also the changes caused by their coalescence in the continuous recital or the Samhitapa|ha. They also tried to explain the sense of the Vedic words by tracing them back to the roots of suitable senses and laid down rules for their proper and correct pronunciation. These three pursuits viz. (a) the discussion of the features of the Pada text, ( b ) the derivation of words, and (c) directions regarding the proper pronuncia­ tion of the Vedic words, were carried on with vigour with a view to preserving the Vedic texts intact, and the treatises dealing with these three branches were respectively called by the names Pratisakhya, Nirukta and Sik$a, all of which could rightly be called Vyakarana or Grammar, as they were devoted to determining the correct words as distinguished from the incorrect ones. Although a number of .books were written by Vedic scholars in these three branches, not more than five or six Pratisakhya works, a solitary Nirukta work, and a few $ik$a works are the only available works at present. Development of Sanskrit Grammar In course of time, on the analogy of the derivation of words, an analysis of the word into its constituent elements such as the base, the affix, the augments and the modifications, was undertaken by grammarians. This separation of the different elements of a word constituted Vyakarana or grammar, which was deve­ loped as an art by ancient grammarians like Apisali, Sakatayana and others before Panini. It was Panini who carried it to perfection, and his work, the Astadhyayl, compact yet exhaustive, and laconic yet clear, is simply a marvellous product of art by a man of amazing intelligence. As a result, the works on grammar by all ancient scholars who flourished before Panini disappeared in course of time leaving only a few quotations behind them. Panini 'was followed by a number of grammarians who wrote popular treatises on grammar, based, no doubt, on Panini’s srammar, some of which, in their turn came to have auxiliary works, glosses and explanatory commentaries. These different treatises, written by Sarvavarman, Candragomin, Devanandin, Palyaklrti Sakatayana, Hemacan- dra, Kramadlsvara, Jumaranandin, Supadma and others with their auxiliary works and commentaries, came to be looked upon as different systems of grammar. These treatises present two kinds of treatment: some of them are arranged in Sutras in the same manner as the Aftadhyayi of Panini which treats one after another the several grammatical elements such as technical terms, padas of roots, case-relations, compound words, krt affixes, taddhita affixes, substitutes, accents and euphonic changes; while others give a topic-wise treatment following in that respect the ancient grammarians before Panini such as Indra, Vedic Sakatayana and others who treated one after another the different topics of grammar such as the euphonic changes, declension, conjugation, compound formation, nouns derived from roots, nouns derived from nouns and the like. The special feature of all these grammars was that they entirely omitted the Vedic peculiari­ ties and accents. Sanskrit Grammar as a Science The subject of Sanskrit grammar was first treated as a science by the two epoch-making grammarians, first by Katyayana, a few centuries after Panini, and then by Patanjali, the exponent of Katyayana, who lived in the second century B.C. It was carried to perfection by the stalwart grammarian Bhartrhari of the fifth century A,D, Later grammarians, prominent among whom were xi Jayaditya, Vamana, Kaiyata, Haradatta, Bhattoji, Kondabhatta and Nagesa, developed by their substantial contributions, the work of Panini as a science to such an extent that the number of smaller and greater works well nigh rose to eight hundred and that of the authors to four hundred. The grammar of Panini, "which is looked upon as the standard oneat present gives about a hundred technical terms, more than two hundred suffixes, about two thousand primary roots and more than five thousand special words arranged in more than two hundred and fifty classes according to the special grammatical peculiarities shown by .each class. The number of indepedent primary words, besides these five thousand special words, if roughly estimated, may exceed even twenty-five thousdan. Besides these primary roots, primary nouns, affixes and technical terms in the different Sastras, there is a vast number of secondary roots and secondary nouns, which is rather impossible even to be approximately determined. Nature and Scope of this Dictionary The preparation of a comprehensive dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar, a subject which has been developed fully by Sanskrit Grammarians for the last two thousand„years, is certainly a stupendous work which can only bs done by a band of grammarians who have got a sound footing in the subject. In the light of what has been said above, the present dictionary is only an honest and humble attempt in that direction, made by the compiler who was inspired to-undertake this rather arduous venture by his close study of the subject for more than sixty years according to the traditional method of the East, combined with the critical and comparative method of the West. As the work was done single-handed, and finished within a limited time with a view to making it available to students and scholars of Sanskrit at as early a date as possible, the number of books con­ sulted was a limited' one. The number of entries is more than four thousand out of which the important ones are in the form of short articles supplying very briefly the necessary information from the different sources with quotations from or references to the original works. All the standard works in grammar have been carefully consulted including the available Pratisakhya works, the Mahabha- sya, the Kasika, the Vakyapadiya, the Siddhanta-Kaumudi and others. The Katantra, the Sakatayana, the Jainendra, the Haima and other grammars, as also the different Paribhasa works have been consulted at important places. Minor works and commentaries are not consulted as. the important words and topics occurring therein have been mos.ly included here on account of their occurrence in the major works. Atention is, of course, paid to grammaical importance and significance, and only such words and such senses of them as have a grammatical significance, have been included in the present dictionary along with affixes, aug­ ments, substitutes and technical terms mostly given in Panini’s grammar. Names of authors and books, printed as well as found in a manuscript form, have been included as far as practicable in the present work. A scrupulous attention has been paid to the Pratisakhya works, the Mahabhasya and the Kasika which are looked upon as supremely authoritative in the, field of Sanskrit grammar. It must be admitted that the scholarly index works of Dr. Bothlingk and Dr. Renou