Dictionary of Gems and Gemology Mohsen Manutchehr-Danai Dictionary of Gems and Gemology Third Edition With approx. 27 000 entries and 1500 figures Professor Dr. Mohsen Manutchehr-Danai Puricelli-Strasse 22 93049 Regensburg Germany Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934599 ISBN: 978-3-540-72795-8 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-3-540-72816-0 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-540-72817-7 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 2009 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com Editor: Christian Witschel / Kerstin Kindler, Heidelberg, Germany Development Editor: Sylvia Blago, Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting and Production: SPI, Pondicherry, India Cover Design: Frido Steinen-Broo, Spain Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 12039340 2109 — 5 4 3 2 1 0 Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach. Dr. Samuel Johnson Preface to the Third Edition This revision (third edition) is being published 4 years after the publication of the second edition. Many entries have been improved and circa 500 new terms have been added. It includes more than 27,000 entries, 1,500 graphic figures, and nearly 50 tables. New entries include notable sapphires (comprising blue sapphires, sapphires of other colors, engraved or carved sapphires), notable rubies (engraved or carved rubies), and corundums. If you have criticism or suggestions, please feel free to contact the author. Acknowledgments I thank my beloved son, Human, who is worthy of more praise than I have space for. He has always stood by me. I gratefully acknowledge the help and support of Dr. Christian Witschel, Dr. Sylvia Blago, and Mrs. Emily Zack of Springer, Heidelberg. My thanks go also to my friend and attorney, Mr. Karl Abt, for his support and professionalism. Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen Regensburg, Germany 2008 Preface to the Second Edition The worldwide acceptance of the first edition of this book encouraged me to extensively revise and extend the second edition. The book was of value to readers of widely ranging interest, as seen from the letters received from scientists, students, mining engineers, periodical papers, teachers and students. This revision comes 5 years after the publication of the first edition. Many entries have been improved and now include new data. The book includes more than 25,000 entries, 2,000 graphic figures, and ca. 40 tables. The first edition was criticized by some who thought that some entries were not related to respective materials, but I can only repeat that many minerals were described in the form of inclusions or as paragenesis, necessary for determining the other gem stone materials. In this edition, the chapters on light, color, and colorant are of great interest, as several new terms have been used in these chapters. This edition contains ca. 26,000 entries and more than 3,000 figures. If you have criticism or suggestions, please feel free to contact the author. Acknowledgments I appreciate the time and effort of Ms. Pamela Krimsky, Meshed/Iran for proof reading this second edition. I am greatly impressed by the proof reading that she has done. I appreciate the criticism of Mr. Michel, J.C. Sandillon, France, and the time and effort he has spent. He has provided me with some new and exact information about diamond localities in India. I appreciate the time and effort of Dr. Hofmeister from Institut für Edelsteinforschung, University of Mainz, Germany, in helping me to find some books and for useful information. I appreciate the time and effort of Dr. Niedremayr of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria, who provided me with new information about jade. I thank my beloved son Human, who is worthy of far more acknowledgment than I have space for. He has always stood by me. I cannot finish without gratefully acknowledging the help and support of Dr. Witschel, of Springer, Heidelberg. My thanks also go to my friend and attorney Mr. Karl Abt for his support and professionalism. Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen Regensburg, Germany 2004 Preface to the First Edition Since World War II, the amount of information generated in the science of Gemology has increased tremendously. Therefore this book, the Dictionary of Gems and Gemology and related terms, was written with the aim of providing a relatively “complete dictionary to assist all students, hobbyists, scientists, and interested parties in the fields of Gems and Gemology.” The forerunner to this book was called Dictionary of Gems and Gemology (English–Persian, Persian–English, published in Tehran, Iran in 1997) and was written with the aid of more than 30 reference books relating to gemology. In response to the effort required to clarify the terms within, I decided to compile a book that brings all the relevant terms into one book. This new book eliminates the use of different reference books and compiles nearly all the relevant terms into a one-stop useful text. It took 25 years to collect the terms and the information to present a complete and functional lexicon. The text is supported by nearly 170 illustrations and 21 tables, to provide detailed and succinct information. I hope and trust that this book has the high standard of other gemological dictionaries. If you have criticism or suggestions, please feel free to contact the author. Acknowledgments The author acknowledges all those who were of valuable assistance during the writing and publishing of this book. My thanks go to my good friend Dr. Farhad Rahimi of Meshed University, Iran, for helping with my first book in English–Persian, Persian–English, and for his further work on my current book. I appreciate the time and effort taken by my good friend Mr. Bozozrgmehr Vakhshoori, who spent a great deal of time helping with this book and Mr. William O’Hara for his indefatigable effort in publishing this book. I am grateful to my proof reader Eleanor Gorman B.A. Communication, Australia. I would like to thank my beloved son Human who is worthy of far more acknowledgment than I have space for. My grateful appreciation goes to my good friend Dr. Hassan Parvizinia for his skillful graphic work. I appreciate the support and profes- sionalism of my friend and attorney Mr. Karl Abt. I cannot end without gratefully acknowledging Dr. Heinz Sichert, University of Regensburg of Rechen Zentrum, Mrs. Heidi Krinner, and Mr. Hannes Völklien from Pustet Company, Regensburg. Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen Los Angeles, Theran, Regensburg Abbreviations and Symbols Used in the Text Å Ångström Nanometer 10−9 m a cell edge in the x direction nm nanometer Ab albite NaAlSiO o ω or ordinary ray in uniaxial crystal. 3 8 Abbr. abbreviation Refractive index α, β, γ the three refractive indices in biaxial ω ordinary ray in uniaxial crystal. crystal from least, intermediate to Refractive index greatest Or orthoclase KAlSiO 3 8 Adj. adjective Pa-sec Pascal-second An anorthite CaAlSiO Port. Portuguese 2 2 8 Ångström 0.1 nm RI: generally refractive index, also for b cell edge in the y direction cubic and amorphous substance Birefringence in a uniaxial crystal the difference RI: refractive indices of ω: ordinary ray, between ω and ε. In biaxial crystal the ε:extraordinary ray in uniaxial crystal difference between α and γ RI: refractive indices of α:alpha, β:beta, c cell edge in the z direction γ:gamma in biaxial crystal °C degrees Celsius, a unit of temperature, Russia formerly Soviet Union known as centigrade SG specific gravity ct(s). carat(s) or metric carat(s) Sri Lanka formerly Ceylon Diaphaneity transparent or translucent, or opaque SWUV light short-wave ultraviolet light e ε or extraordinary ray in a uniaxial Thailand formerly Siam crystal, refractive index X [ ] X represents the number of formula ε extraordinary ray in a uniaxial crystal, units per unit cell refractive index x, y, z crystallographic axes Fa fayalite FeSiO Zimbabwe formerly Rhodesia 4 Fo forsterite MgSiO Ө optically negative when ε is greater 4 H hardness on the Mohs’s scale than ω in uniaxial crystal. In biaxial, Hz hertz SI unit of frequency (c/s) when intermediate refractive index β is near to γ than α Lat. Latin ⊕ optically positive when ω is greater LWUV light long-wave ultraviolet light than ε in uniaxial crystal. In biaxial Malagasy formerly Madagascar when intermediate refractive index β is Mt. Mountain near to α than γ Myanmar formerly Burma → see N.Y. New York List of Illustrations De Beers CSO, 1-Fire Rose cut, 2-Dahlia Cut, 2-Marigold Cut, 4-Sunflower Cut, 5-Zinna Cut. Eppler, Praktische Gemmologie: Highlight brilliant-cut, King cut, Magna cut, and Royal 144 cut. Liddicoat, GIA Diamond Dictionary: American Brilliant-cut, Baguette cut, Rondelle cut, tapered cut, Trielle cut, and whistle cut. Maier, Brillianten und Perlen: situation of facets, modified brilliant cut, Peruzzi cut. Miller and Sinkankas, Standard of Catalog of Gems: honeycomb cut, refraction of light, star, and step-brilliant cut. Vollstädt and Baumgärtel, Edelsteine: Prismant. Webster and Read, Gems: cross-rose-cut, blades of tortoise-shell