The Project Gutenberg EBook of Dictionary of Explosives, by Arthur Marshall This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Dictionary of Explosives Author: Arthur Marshall Release Date: November 13, 2015 [EBook #50446] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES *** Produced by Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES BY ARTHUR MARSHALL A.C.G.I., F.I.C., F.C.S. CHEMICAL INSPECTOR INDIAN ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT PHILADELPHIA P. BLAKISTON’S SON & CO. 1012 WALNUT STREET 1920 Printed in Great Britain [Pg v] INTRODUCTION It is a generation since a dictionary of explosives has been published, and, in the meantime, many new explosives have been introduced. It is hoped, therefore, that this small volume, giving concise information about these special materials, may prove useful to those who have to deal with them. In Cundill and Thomson’s “Dictionary of Explosives,” issued in 1895, there are many entries of the names of inventors and of mixtures which had been proposed but have never been used commercially, nor are likely to be. As modern explosives were then in their infancy, it was no doubt wise to insert all the available information whether it appeared to be important or not; but now it seems to me better to restrict the scope of the dictionary so as to keep its size within moderate limits. Practically only explosives with special or proprietary names are therefore dealt with here. For information concerning chemical substances, such as the nitro- toluenes and other nitro-compounds, reference should be made to the textbooks on explosives and chemistry. A few words may, however, be said here about the nitrocelluloses. These are made by treating cellulose with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and then purifying the product by washing it thoroughly with hot water. The variety of cellulose most used for this purpose is cotton, and the product obtained from it is frequently called nitrocotton, three special varieties of which are collodion cotton, pyrocollodion and guncotton (q. v.). The only other form of cellulose which is nitrated on a commercial scale is “chemical cellulose” obtained by the treatment of wood or straw. Nitrated wood cellulose has long been used for the manufacture of smokeless powders for shot-guns, and during the War the Germans made powders for rifled fire-arms from it. No trouble has been spared to make the dictionary complete and accurate, but there must inevitably be omissions and errors in it, especially as regards the explosives of foreign countries. The author will be grateful for any additional information that may be sent him. Explosives may be classified in various ways, according to the purpose of the classification, but the great majority of them fall naturally into two main divisions: propellants and high explosives. Propellants explode comparatively slowly, and are used to propel projectiles from fire-arms. High explosives are much more rapid in their action, and are used for bursting and shattering. Propellants are of two sorts, according as they are intended for use in shot-guns or rifled fire- arms. Those for shot-guns burn more rapidly than those for the latter, but both practically always contain a considerable proportion of nitrocellulose, gelatinised by means of such solvents as acetone or ether-alcohol, according as it is of high or low nitration. Some contain also nitroglycerine, and are then called nitroglycerine powders, whereas those that do not contain this substance are termed nitrocellulose powders. Many powders also contain other ingredients, as may be seen from the compositions given in this dictionary. Of high explosives an important class is used for charging shells and bombs. As a rule, but not necessarily, these are not the same as the explosives used for mining operations and other general blasting purposes. Another important class is that of the coal-mine explosives, which are designed to give only a short and comparatively cool flame so as to diminish the danger of igniting fire-damp and coal-dust. Nearly half the explosives in this dictionary are coal-mine explosives. The reason for this large number is that no finality has yet been reached as to the best and safest explosives to use in coal mines. When more experience has been gained it is probable that the number of these explosives on the market will be reduced. In England the Permitted List has recently been cut down considerably. In Great Britain these coal-mine explosives have to be submitted to the Inspectors of Explosives, and are subjected to tests for safety and strength. If they pass they are placed on the list of “Permitted Explosives,” and the compositions are published in the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders. In these Orders the upper and lower limits of the percentage of each constituent are given, but in this dictionary intermediate percentages are given so that the sum for any explosive amounts to 100. In the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders the percentage of such a substance as wood, meal or starch, is given in the dried condition, but here it is given in the air-dry state on the assumption that it then contains about 10 per cent. of moisture. In France and Belgium also the compositions of the coal-mine explosives are published, but in Germany, as a rule, only a list of the constituents is given, and sometimes an upper or lower limit for one or more of the principal constituents. Moreover, it is not stated explicitly whether the explosives are intended for use in coal mines or for general blasting purposes. In the United States of America, explosives intended for use in coal mines are examined by the Bureau of Mines, which, however, has no power to prevent the use of others because regulations on this matter are made by the individual states. If they pass they are placed on the list of “Permissible Explosives.” The compositions are not published, but the class of composition is stated. Until the second half of the nineteenth century, gunpowder was practically the only explosive used on a considerable scale, and it was employed for all purposes. Consequently it does not fall into any of the classes mentioned, or rather it could be placed in several of them. Another class of explosives that has not yet been mentioned is that of the primary igniters, of which fulminate of mercury may be taken as typical. The characteristic of these is that they can be exploded or ignited by a spark or moderate friction, and consequently they can be employed to fire other, less sensitive explosives. There are, however, practically no explosives of this class which possess special or proprietary names, and consequently they are not dealt with in this dictionary. Naini Tal, India. 1920. [Pg vi] [Pg vii] [Pg viii] CLASSIFICATION COAL-MINE EXPLOSIVES American Permissible Explosives. Aetna Coal Mine Powder. Guardian. Bental Coal Powder. Hecla No. 2. Bituminite. Hygrade Coal Powder. Black Diamond. Kanite. Cameron Mine Powder. Lomite. Carbonite. Lowinite. Coalite. Meteor. Coal Special. Miners’ Friend. Collier Powder. Min-ite. Cronite. Monobel. Detonite. Nitro Low-Flame. Du Pont Permissible. Red H. Eureka. Trojan Coal Powder. Fort Pitt Mine Powder. Tunnelite. Fuel-ite. Vigorite. Giant Coal Mine Powder. Xpdite. Austrian and Hungarian. Chloratit. Progressit. Dynammon. Titanit. Belgian Explosifs S.G.P. Alsilite. Grisoutite. Antigel de Sûreté. Ingélite. Baelenite. Minerite. Colinite antigrisouteuse. Minite. Cornil. Minolite. Densite. Pulvérite. Dynamite antigrisouteuse. Sabulite antigrisouteuse. Favier Explosives. Securophore. Flammivore. Wallonite. Forcite antigrisouteuse. Yonckite. Fractorite. (There were also several Grisoutine II. explosives made in Germany.) British. *Abbcite. *Herculite. *Abelite. *Kent Powder. *Ajax Powder. Kentite. *Albionite. *Kolax. *Amasite. *Kolax (Super-). *Ammonal. *Kynarkite. Ammonite. *Kynite. *Amvis. *Melling Powder. *Anchorite. *Mersey Powder. *Aphosite. *Minite. *Arkite. Monarkite. *Barking Powder. Monobel. Bellite. *Monobel Powder. Bobbinite. *Nationalite. *Britonite. Negro Powder. *Bull Dog. *Neonal. Cambrite. *Nitro-Densite. *Carbonite. *Nobel Ammonia Powder. [Pg ix] [Pg x] *Celtite. *Normanite. *Cliffite. *Oaklite. Cliffite (Super-). *Odite. *Clydite. *Permon Powder. *Cornish Powder. *Permonite. *Coronite. *Phœnix Powder. *Curtisite. *Pit-ite. *Curtisite (Super-). *Pitsea Powder. Denaby Powder. Rex Powder. *Dominite. *Rexite. *Dragonite. *Rippite. *Dreadnought Powder. Rippite (Super-). Du Pont Permissible. Roburite. *Duxite. *Russelite. Dynobel. Samsonite. *Electronite. *Saxonite. Essex Powder. Seamex. *Excellite. *Sheppey Powder. Excellite (Super-). *Stanford Powder. Expedite. *Steelite (Colliery). *Faversham Powder. *St. Helen’s Powder. Fortex (New). Stomonal. *Fracturite. *Stow-ite. *Gathurst Powder. *Sunderite. *Good Luck. *Superite. Haylite. *Swale Powder. *Swalite. *Victorite. *Syndite. Viking Powder. Thames Powder. *Virite. *Tutol. *Westfalite. *Uplees Powder. *Withnell Powder. *Victor Powder. (Those marked * are not now on the Permitted List.) French. Favier explosives. N. Grisounite. Naphthalite (Grisou-). Grisoutine. German. Albit (Wetter-). Lignosit. Astralit (Wetter-). Monachit. Bautzener Sicherheits-pulver. Naphthalit. Bavarit. Nobelit. Cahuecit (Ammon-). Orkanit. Carbonite. Pastanit. Chloratzit. Permonit. Chromamonit. Perrumpit. Cosilit. Persalit (Wetter-). Dahmenit. Plastomenit. Detonit. Rhenanit (Wetter-). Donarit. Roburite. Dorfit. Romperit (Wetter-). Dynamit (Wettersicheres). Salit. Elsagit (Ammon-). Schlesit. Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff. Securite. Foerdit. Siegenit. Fulmenit (Wetter-). Teutonit. [Pg xi] Gehlingerit. Tremonit. Gesilit. Tunnelit. Glueckauf. Walsrode (Wetter-). Kohlenkarbonit. Westfalit. Koronit (Kohlen-). Wetter-Dynamit. Lenit (Neu-). BLASTING EXPLOSIVES Aerolit. Alkalsit. Aetna. Amasite. Albit. Ammonal. Ammoniakkrut. Koronit. Anagon. L.C. Pulver. Anilit. Leonit. Astralit. Ligdyn. Atlas Powder. Lignosit. Barbarit. Lithofracteur. Blastine. Loewenpulver. Blasting Gelatine. Luxit. Bomlit. M.B. Powder. C. Marsit. Cahuecit. Meganit. Carbite d’Ablon. Melanite. Carbo-Dynamite. Mercurit. Carlsonite. Miedziankit. Cheddite. Minolite. Chloratzite. Mitchellite. Cugnite. Monachit. Dahmenite. Naphthalit. Denaby Powder. Nitrolit. Densite. O. Dominit. Oakley Quarry Powder. Donarit. Oxyliquit. Dynamite. Pastanil. Electronite. Peragon. Ergite. Perchlorit. Erin Gelignite. Perdit. Extra Dynamite. Perilit. Forcite. Persalit. Fumenit. Petroklastit. Gehlingerit. Petrolit. Gelatinée a l’Ammoniaque. Pfalzit. Gelatine Dynamite. Pierrite. Gelignite. Plastammon. Giant Powder. Plessit. Halalite. Pniowit. Hammonit. Polarite. Helagon. Praeposit. Helit. Prométhée. Hercules Powder. Prosperit. Imperialite. Rack-a-Rock. Judson Powder. Raschit. Kausolit. Red Cross. Kinetit. Rendrock. Kiwit. Rexol. Rhenanit. Stonax. [Pg xii] [Pg xiii] Rhexit. Telsit. Rivalit. Territ. Rockite. Teutonit. Romperit. Thornit. Roslin Giant Blasting Powder. Titanite. Sabulite. Tonite. Saxonite. Tremonit. Sebomite Velox Gelatine. Sengite. Vender. Siegenit. Vigorite. Silesia. Vulcan Powder. Sprengel Explosives. Wilhelmit. Sprengsalpeter. Yonckite. HIGH EXPLOSIVES (For Shells and Bombs.) Alumatol. Himalayite. Amatol. Hudson’s Explosive. Amatoxol. Lyddite. Anilite. Macarite. Astralit. Mélinite. Baratol. Nitrolit. Cilferite. Panclastite. Crésylite. Perdit. Dunnite. Plastrotyl. Echo. Schneiderite. Ecrasite. Shellite. Fuellpulver. Stabilite. Fumyl. T.N.T. Granatfuellung. Toxol. H.E. Triplastit. Hellhofite. MISCELLANEOUS EXPLOSIVES Black Powder. Ophorite. C.P. Pulvérin. Centralite. Pyrocollodion. Cheesa Sticks. Pyroxyline. Collodion Cotton. Stabilite. Flobert Ammunition. Tetryl. Glonoine. White Gunpowder. Halakite. PROPELLANTS (For Shot-guns.) Amberite. Neonite. Cannonite. New Explosives Co.’s Clermonite. Smokeless Powder. Cooppal’s Powder. Normal Powder. Crystal. Plastomenit. Du Pont Smokeless Powder. Primrose Smokeless. E.C. Powder. Red Star. Economic. Rifleite (Shot Gun). Eley Smokeless Powder. Rottweil Smokeless Powder. Empire. Ruby Powder. Felixite. S. Fulmen Powder. S.S. Henrite. Schultze Powder. Ideal Powder. Smokeless Diamond. [Pg xiv] J. Stowmarket Smokeless. K.S. T. M. Troisdorf Smokeless Powder. Mischpulver. Walsrode Shot Gun Powder. Mullerite. (For Rifled Fire-arms.) Amide Powder. N.C.T. Ammonpulver. Neonite. Apyrite. Nitrokol. Axite. Normal Powder. B. P.C./88. Ballistite. R.F.G. Brugère’s Powder. R.L.G. Cocao Powder. Rifleite. Cordite. Rottweil Smokeless Powder. C.S.P. S.K. Filite. S.R. Hebler Powder. S.V. Indurite. Solenite. Lafflin and Rand. Troisdorf Smokeless Powder. Moddite. Wetteren. [Pg 1] DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES ABBCITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd. The original composition which passed the Woolwich Test was— Ammonium nitrate 80 Nitroglycerine 10 Wood meal 10 To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride was added, and a little dinitro-toluene was also introduced— Abbcite No. 2. Date of Permit 3-7-15 Ammonium nitrate 58 Nitroglycerine 8·5 Wood meal 9 Dinitro-toluene 1·5 Sodium chloride 23 Limit charge 18 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·54” The permit has now been repealed. ABELITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Lancashire Explosives Co. Two formulas were approved— No. 1. No. 4. Date of Permit 7-4-14 15-1-15 Ammonium nitrate 68·5 67 Dinitro-benzene 7 — Trinitro-toluene 7 14·5 Sodium chloride 17·5 7 Starch — 11·5 Limit charge 14 oz. 18 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·85” 2·79” The permits have now been repealed. Abelite (without distinguishing number) is simply a mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-toluene— Ammonium nitrate 83 Trinitro-toluene 17 It is therefore a variety of Bellite in which the dinitro-benzene has been replaced by trinitro-toluene. It is used for filling grenades and general blasting purposes, but is not permitted in dangerous coal mines. AEROLIT is a Danish ammonium nitrate explosive, e.g.— Ammonium nitrate 78·125 Potassium nitrate 7·5 Sulphur 8·75 Fat 2·5 Sago meal 1·25 Manganese dioxide 1·25 Resin 0·625 AETNA COAL POWDER is an American coal-mine powder on the Permissible List. Brands A, B and C are nitroglycerine explosives. AA and No. 2 are ammonium nitrate explosives. AETNA POWDER.—A variety of American dynamite containing 15 to 65 per cent. of nitroglycerine mixed with wood pulp and sodium nitrate. Roasted flour has sometimes been substituted for wood pulp. AJAX POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives Co. Date of Permit 1-9-13 [Pg 2] Nitroglycerine 22·3 Nitrocotton 0·7 Di- and trinitro-toluenes 3·5 Potassium perchlorate 37 Wood meal 11·5 Ammonium oxalate 25 Limit charge 12 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·69” In 1914, 329,000 lbs. were used in coal mines, but the permit has now been repealed. ALBIONITE.—A mixture of gelignite and ammonium oxalate. It was formerly on the Permitted List. ALBIT.—A German chlorate explosive introduced in 1915 in consequence of the scarcity of nitrates due to the War. It is defined as consisting of not more than 80 per cent. sodium or potassium chlorate, not more than 4 per cent. nitroglycerine, and mono- or dinitro-hydrocarbons. It may also contain inorganic salts and carbon carriers such as vegetable meal, oils, soaps or carbohydrates. A variety made for use in coal mines is called Wetter-Albit or Kohlen- Albit. ALDORFIT. See DORFIT. ALKALSIT.—A German chlorate or perchlorate explosive made by the Dynamit A.-G. of Hamburg. It contains not more than 80 per cent. sodium or potassium chlorate, or not more than 80 per cent. sodium, potassium or ammonium perchlorate, and 19 per cent. of aromatic nitro-hydrocarbons and nitrocotton, also coal, hydrocarbons or carbohydrates, and nitrates. The chlorate mixtures must not contain ammonium salts. Alkalsit I contains not more than 27 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, not more than 24 per cent. of sodium nitrate, not more than 8 per cent. of trinitro-toluene, also wood meal, flour and nitro-naphthalene. Alkalsit A contains not more than 55 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, not more than 31 per cent. trinitro-toluene, and not more than 5 per cent. of a neutral liquid mixture of nitrated toluenes. Alkalsit B is similar except that it contains also ammonium nitrate. ALSILITE S.G.P.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive on the list of Explosifs S.G.P. It is of the Ammonal type— Ammonium nitrate 62 Trinitro-toluene 11 Ferro-silicon-aluminium 5 Sodium chloride 22 Charge limite 900 g. ALUMATOL.—A mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene and a little aluminium powder, used for charging trench-mortar bombs, etc. AMASITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List— Ammonium perchlorate 34 Sodium nitrate 31 Myrobolans 34·7 Agar agar 0·3 It was made by the Société Anonyme de Vilvorde in Belgium, and was originally called Ugolite. Rock Amasite and S.T. Amasite are non-permitted explosives of composition somewhat similar to the above. AMATOL.—A mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-toluene. The composition is shown by the figures placed after the name; thus Amatol 40/60 contains 40 per cent. ammonium nitrate and 60 per cent. trinitro-toluene, and Amatol 80/20 consists of 80 parts ammonium nitrate and 20 parts trinitro-toluene. These explosives are used very extensively for filling shell and other projectiles. The mixtures rich in trinitro-toluene can be cast after being heated to temperature above the melting-point of this constituent, but those rich in ammonium nitrate are stemmed into the projectile hot or pressed. Similar mixtures are used by the Germans and other powers under various names. In Germany it is called Füllpulver (q. v.). AMATOXOL.—A mixture of ammonium nitrate and Toxol, which consists of trinitro-toluene and trinitro-xylene. *AMBERITE.—A smokeless shot-gun powder made by Curtis’s and Harvey at Tonbridge. Amberite No. 1 contained nitroglycerine as well as nitrocotton and various other substances. According to “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 78, a sample of Amberite No. 2 had the composition— Insoluble nitrocotton 18·6 Soluble ” 46·0 [Pg 3] [Pg 4] [Pg 5] Nitrates of potassium and barium 28·0 Vaseline 6·0 Volatile matter 1·4 This is still on the market. It is a fibrous 42-grain bulk powder. *AMIDE POWDER or Chilworth Special Powder was an early attempt at a smokeless powder. Under the name of Amidpulver it was used by the German artillery for some years in the ’eighties of the last century. Its composition was — Ammonium nitrate 35-38 Potassium nitrate 40-46 Charcoal 14-22 See also Ammonpulver and Hebler Powder. AMMONAL is a blasting explosive containing ammonium nitrate, aluminium powder, charcoal, and generally trinitro-toluene. It was patented in 1900 by G. Roth of Vienna, and the following are some of the compositions made by his firm at Felixdorf in Austria— a b c d Ammonium nitrate 80·75 90 88 80 Aluminium 15 4 8 18 Charcoal 4·25 6 4 2 More violent mixtures made by the same firm are— I II Ammonium nitrate 46 32 Trinitro-toluene 30 50 Aluminium 22 16 Charcoal 2 2 and modifications of this have been used largely in the British service. It is not suitable for use in underground workings as it forms on explosion the poisonous gas carbon monoxide, unless the proportion of ammonium nitrate be large. It has been used for charging grenades, and by the Austrians for trench howitzer bombs. When the explosive is detonated, the aluminium is converted into the oxide, evolving no gas, but a considerable amount of heat, which increases the power of the explosive. The aluminium powder also renders the explosive easier to detonate. Three explosives of this type passed the Woolwich Test, and were on the old Permitted List for coal mines, namely, Ammonal B, Ripping Ammonal and Saint Helen’s Powder (q. v.). Ammonal B. Ripping Ammonal. Ammonium nitrate 94·5 86 Aluminium 3 8 Charcoal 2·5 2·5 Potassium bichromate — 3·5 No explosives containing aluminium are on the present Permitted List. AMMONCAHUECIT } CAHUECIT. } See AMMONCARBONIT } CARBONIT. AMMONIAKKRUT was the first ammonium nitrate explosive. It was invented by J. Ohlsson and J. H. Norrbin, two Swedes, and was protected by English Patent 2766 of 1869. It consisted of ammonium nitrate together with 5 or 10 per cent. of charcoal, coal dust, etc., to which mixture was added 10 to 30 per cent. of nitroglycerine to make it less difficult to detonate. AMMONITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Favier type, made by the Miners’ Safety Explosives Co. The original composition, which passed the Woolwich Test was— Ammonium nitrate 88 Dinitro-naphthalene 12 To pass the more severe Rotherham Test a number of compositions have been made and approved, but some of them have been repealed. Those now on the Permitted List are— [Pg 6] [Pg 7] Ammonite No. 1. Ammonite. Ammonite No. 5. Date of Permit 29-8-14 5-11-17 2-8-18 Ammonium nitrate 74·5 73·5 74·5 Dinitro-naphthalene — 5·5 — Trinitro-naphthalene — — 5 Trinitro-toluene 5 — — Sodium chloride 20·5 21 20·5 Limit charge 24 18 26 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·42 2·44 2·41” Ammonite No. 1 is used on a considerable scale in coal mines. A non-permitted explosive called Ripping Ammonite is also made. *AMMONPULVER is a propellant which was used by the Austrians from 1890 to 1896 in guns of various calibres— Ammonium nitrate 80-90 Charcoal 10-20 It was superseded by a powder of the ballistite type, but has been reintroduced recently by the Germans to replace a part of the charge of nitrocellulose powder in their field gun. The advantages claimed for it are small erosion of the gun, absence of muzzle flame, chemical stability, and cheapness. On the other hand, it gives high pressures, and if used by itself requires a gun with a specially large chamber; but the most serious objection to it is that on keeping, physical changes take place in the pellets, leading to the production of very high pressures. It is said that moisture promotes these changes. See also Amide Powder. AMVIS.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List— Ammonium nitrate 90 Wood meal 5 Dinitro-benzene } 5 Chlorinated naphthalene } Neu ANAGON.—A German blasting explosive containing not more than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, zinc- aluminium alloy and charcoal. ANCHORITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Favier type, formerly on the Permitted List. It was made by Kynoch-Arklow, Ltd. Date of Permit 13-5-14 Ammonium nitrate 34·3 Sodium nitrate 33·3 Ammonium chloride 20·2 Trinitro-toluene 12·2 Limit charge 14 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·73” ANILIT.—A German explosive containing not less than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, not more than 5 per cent. of sugar, and copper sulphate-aniline or copper oxalate-aniline. ANILITE.—A French liquid explosive of the Sprengel class used for aerial bombs. ANTIGEL DE SÛRETÉ.—A Belgian coal-mine explosive— Nitroglycerine 25 Sodium nitrate 20 Dinitro-toluene 15 Ammonium sulphate 5 Cellulose } 35 Wood meal } The Charge limite is 900 grammes, which is equivalent to 524 grammes of dynamite No. 1. The composition is the same as that of Ingélite. It is a low-freezing nitroglycerine explosive. APHOSITE.—A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List— [Pg 8] [Pg 9] Ammonium nitrate 60 Potassium nitrate 29·5 Charcoal 4 Wood meal 4 Sulphur 2·5 *APYRITE.—A nitrocellulose smokeless powder formerly made in Sweden by the Société Grakrut. ARKITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd. The original composition which passed the Woolwich Test was— Nitroglycerine 52·5 Nitrocotton 3·5 Potassium nitrate 22 Wood meal 7 Ammonium oxalate 15 The proportions were modified, and the following passed the Rotherham Test, and was on the Permitted List— Arkite No. 2. Date of Permit 7-4-14 Nitroglycerine 32 Nitrocotton 1 Potassium nitrate 27 Wood meal 10 Ammonium oxalate 30 Limit charge 40 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·41” It has now been repealed. ASTRALIT.—An ammonium nitrate explosive containing a little blasting gelatine, made by the Dynamit A. G. Nobel of Hamburg. It has been used largely in Germany for a variety of purposes. Astralit I and II are defined as consisting of ammonium nitrate, charcoal, vegetable meal, not more than 15 per cent. of aromatic nitro-bodies not more dangerous than trinitro-toluene, not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine; also paraffin oil. Astralit IV consists of ammonium nitrate, not more than 10 per cent. of aromatic nitro-bodies not more dangerous than dinitro-naphthalene, vegetable meal, and not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine. Astralit V, which has been introduced recently, contains up to 10 per cent. of potassium perchlorate in addition to ammonium nitrate, also vegetable meal, not more than 16 per cent. of aromatic nitro-compounds, and not more than 4 per cent. of nitroglycerine. Gelatine-Astralit is a gelatinised or powdery mixture of the nitrates of ammonium and sodium (or potassium), not more than 50 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than 5 per cent. of nitroglycerine, not more than 2 per cent. of collodion cotton, vegetable meal, aromatic nitro-bodies such as nitro-toluenes or nitro-naphthalenes, but not more than 4 per cent. of trinitro-toluene; also hydrocarbons. Wetter-Astralit is a coal-mine explosive, and differs from Astralit in that part of the ammonium nitrate is replaced by sodium chloride. Wetter-Gelatine-Astralit is also a coal-mine explosive, and differs from Gelatine-Astralit in that it contains also fatty oils and neutral salts, such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride or an oxalate. The following percentage compositions have been given— Astralit. Wetter- Astralit. Nitroglycerine 4 4 Ammonium nitrate 84·5 74·5 Trinitro-toluene 7 7 Wood meal 1 1 Charcoal 1 1 Paraffin oil 2·5 2·5 Sodium chloride — 10 [Pg 10] Gelatine- Wetter- Astralit. Nitroglycerine 4 Dinitro-chlorhydrin 16 Nitrocotton 0·5 Ammonium nitrate 40 Sodium nitrate 7·5 Dinitro-toluene 4 Nitro-toluene 1 Wood meal 0·5 Potato meal 8 Rape oil 2 Ammonium oxalate 2·5 Sodium chloride 14 Explosives of the Astralit type have also been used extensively by the Germans for filling trench howitzer shell and similar projectiles. The following is approximately the composition used for this purpose— Nitroglycerine 3 Nitrocotton 0·5 Ammonium nitrate 77 Trinitro-toluene 16 Wood meal 3·5 This explosive was authorised in England under the name of Australite. ATLAS POWDER.—A brand of American straight dynamite. AUSTRALITE. See ASTRALIT. *AXITE. A smokeless powder made by Kynoch, Ltd., and used for sporting rifles. It is a sort of Cordite MD, with a little of the guncotton replaced by potassium nitrate, and is in the form of flat strips. A sample had the composition— Nitroglycerine 29·7 Guncotton 63·1 Potassium nitrate 1·9 Mineral jelly 5·1 Volatile matter 0·2 *B.—Poudre B is the French service propellant. It consists of nitrocotton gelatinised with ether-alcohol, in which it is partly soluble. A little diphenylamine is added to increase the stability. Formerly, various other additions have been made. A letter or letters are added to show the size of the powder and the purpose for which it is used— Poudre BF for rifles (from fusil). BNF a later powder for rifles (from nouveau). BC for field guns (from campagne). BSP for siege howitzers (from siège et place). BGC for larger military guns (from gros calibre). BM for naval ordnance (from marine); a figure is added to show the size. Further letters and figures are added to show other particulars about the powder; D2 means 2 per cent. of diphenylamine has been added as a stabiliser, or AM8, 8 per cent. of amyl alcohol. The place and date of manufacture are similarly indicated. BAELENITE.—A Belgian mining explosive— I. II. Ammonium nitrate 85 95 Trinitro-toluene 15 5 Charge limite 0 75 It is authorised for manufacture in, or importation into the United Kingdom. [Pg 11] [Pg 12] *BALLISTITE.—One of the first military smokeless powders, invented by Nobel. It consisted of about equal parts of nitroglycerine and soluble nitrocotton incorporated together under water, then passed repeatedly through rolls and cut into flakes. It was adopted by a number of Continental powers, but in consequence of the severe erosion of the guns which it caused, it has been modified or abandoned. The percentage of nitroglycerine is reduced, and consequently it is necessary to use a solvent such as acetone. A little mineral jelly or other stabiliser is sometimes added. BARATOL.—A mixture of barium nitrate and trinitro-toluene. BARBARIT.—A German chlorate explosive made at the Sprengstoff-fabriken Kriewald bei Gleinitz. Potassium chlorate 90-92 High-boiling petroleum 8-10 The petroleum has a flash point not below 105° C., and commences to boil not below 242°. Gelatine-Barbarit has the composition— Potassium chlorate 80 Trinitro-toluene 10 Liquid mono- and dinitro-toluenes } 10 gelatinised with 5 per cent. collodion cotton} BARKING POWDER.—A mixture of ammonium perchlorate and nitrated naphthalene, formerly used in coal mines. BAUTZENER SICHERHEITSPULVER. —A German coal-mine explosive containing not less than 70 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, barium nitrate, and not more than 15 per cent. of trinitro-toluene. BAVARIT.—A German coal-mine explosive similar to Grisounite. It contains 90 per cent. of ammonium nitrate together with nitrated naphthalene; charcoal may be added. BELLITE is essentially a mixture of ammonium nitrate and metadinitro-benzene. It has been used extensively as a coal-mine explosive, and was patented by C. Lamm of Stockholm in 1885. Two varieties passed the Woolwich Test and were on the old Permitted List— No. 1. No. 3. Ammonium nitrate 83·5 93·5 Dinitro-benzene 16·5 6·5 No. 1 contains just enough oxygen for complete combustion, and No. 3 contains a large excess of oxygen. To enable the explosive to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride has been added. There were four varieties on the present Permitted List, but all except the following, No. 1, have been repealed— No. 1. Date of Permit 3-2-16 Ammonium nitrate 63·5 Dinitro-benzene 15 Sodium chloride 16·5 Starch 5 Limit charge 20 Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·74 BENTAL COAL POWDER.—An American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive. BITUMINITE.—There are several coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 8 L.F. are nitroglycerine explosives. No. 5 is an ammonium nitrate explosive. BLACK DIAMOND.—There are several coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 2A, 3A and 6 L.F. are nitroglycerine explosives, whereas Nos. 5, 7 and 8 are ammonium nitrate explosives. BLACK POWDER is a name for ordinary gunpowder, a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal. BLASTINE is a high explosive having approximately the composition— Ammonium perchlorate 60 Sodium nitrate 23 Dinitro-toluene 11 Paraffin wax 6 As the sodium nitrate in the above is not equivalent to the ammonium perchlorate, part of the chlorine is given off in the form of the poisonous gas, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid). [Pg 13] [Pg 14] BLASTING GELATINE.—Nitroglycerine, stiffened by having collodion cotton dissolved in it. Discovered by Nobel in 1875. It contains about— Nitroglycerine 93 Collodion cotton 7 and also often a fraction of a percentage of calcium or magnesium carbonate to increase its stability. This is the most powerful of all the explosives in common use. BOBBINITE.—The only explosive of the gunpowder class the use of which is permitted in coal mines in England. In most foreign countries explosives of this class are not allowed to be used in them at all. The permission is only temporary, but has been extended to the end of 1920, and is restricted to mines that are not gassy or dangerous from coal dust. There are two definitions, but the second is the one that is generally manufactured apparently— First. Second. Potassium nitrate 63·5 65 Charcoal 18·5 20 Sulphur 2 2 Sulphates of ammonium and copper 15 — Rice or maize starch — 9 Paraffin wax — 3 Moisture 1 1 More than a million pounds of this explosive are used in coal mines every year. It shatters the coal less than high explosives do. BOMLIT.—A German potassium perchlorate blasting explosive made by Wolff et Cie. at Walsrode. It contains also ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene and guncotton. Other ingredients that may be present are potassium and sodium nitrates, starch meal, vaseline, naphthalene and other hydrocarbons, charcoal and castor oil. BRITONITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd., Pitsea. The original composition passed the Woolwich Test and was on the list of Permitted Explosives, but on the introduction of the Rotherham Test it became necessary to add ammonium oxalate or sodium chloride. Nos. 2 and 3 were on the Permitted List, but have now been repealed. No. 2. No. 3. Date of Permit 1-9-13 28-1-15 Nitroglycerine 26 24 24·5 Sodium nitrate — — 28 Potassium nitrate 32·7 30 — Wood meal 41 38 35·5 Sodium carbonate 0·3 — Ammonium oxalate — 8 — Sodium chloride — — 12 Limit charge — 24 24 oz. Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) — 2·26 2·17” BROWN POWDER. See COCOA POWDER. BRUGÈRE’S POWDER consisted of— Ammonium picrate 54 Potassium nitrate 46 It was stated to give good results in the Chassepôt rifle, but picrate mixtures are liable to detonate, and are therefore dangerous to use as propellants. BULL DOG Gunpowder Pellets were used in coal mines. They contained the same constituents as Bobbinite, which superseded them, but in different proportions. Explosifs C were mixtures of ammonium cresylate with ammonium or sodium nitrate. They were made in France at one time, but their manufacture was dropped, as they were more expensive to make than Grisounite, and no more powerful. CAHUECIT.—This was invented in the ’seventies of the last century by R. Cahuc, and was manufactured at Dartford in Kent under the name of Safety Blasting Powder or Carboazotine. It is still made in Germany. The ingredients are— [Pg 15] [Pg 16]