Dictionary of Common Words in Indian Languages Volume- 1 Central Institute of Indian Languages Manasagangotri, Mysuru- 570 006 Karnataka, INDIA Dictionary of Common Words in Indian Languages Volume - 1 Book Name Dictionary of Common Wonls in Indian Languages Author Lalita Handoo Publication No, 1055, Dictionary of Common Words in Indian Languages Volume - 1 LALITA HANDOO, Central Institute of Indian Languages Mysuru, INDIA. Dictio Eadted by: of Common Words in Indian Languages alita Handoo rst Published: December, 2015, Karithke 1937 © Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, 2015 This materiel may not be reproduced or transmitted, cither im part ar i ful, in any form or by any means, electtonie, ar mechanical, eluding photocopy. recording, oF any information storage and retseval scm, without pormission in waiting from: Prof, Awadesh Kumar Mishra Director Comal nsttute of Irian Languaves. Manasagangott, Hunsur Road, Mysuru-570 005, INDIA. Phones091 821-2818H06 Directo ag €09146821- 2813082 (Coan: BHARATL cb: nape isa yahoo som, (Directo: For further information contact Head ublications For Publication orders R.Nandeesh Publisation Unit Cente Institute of Indian Languages Manasagangotti, Mpstris? 06. [NDIA Comact: 821-2345 182, SASSHSEL4 mull: nandeesh Geil ore, nandeesh?7 @gmail.cem ISBN No: 978.81. 7343.154 8 Price: ©600/ - fneluding two volumes) Published by + Prof. Awadesh Kura Mishts, Ditestor, Central Institute of indian Languages: Manasagangotri, Mysuru-S? 905, INDIA Head Publication: Dr.M.Ldlakumar, Assistan Director (Adm. Supervision by Svi2Nandeesh, Publication Unit. Cover Design ULManohar, Anist Printed by MON Charndrasiekar, CHL, Priming Press, Mysuru, FOREWORD ‘The main objective of the Central institute of Indian Languages hes been the evelopment of Indian languages by way of documentation, esearch, teacking and material production in Indian languages and promotion and maintenance of rtultlingualism: and sculticulurism to stengthen the bond amoag the Indian languages. Bilingual end multilingual dictionaries, to great extert, help in bridging the ap between two oF more Languages and serve as a vety important language learning sid. Central Institute of Indian Languages has brougtt out a number af bilingual and mulsilingual dictionaries besides some common vocshularies as an aid to teaching of Indian languages as socond Tanguage. This also insludes she present author's Hizdi:Kashmsirs common woeabulary (1975). DeLilta Handoo, who hes been associated with CILL'S Lexicography Unit sinos its inception, hs been insiramental in crganizing andl conducting various workshops and taining programmes in lexicology and lexicagraphy involving. all Indian languages, besides guiding. various dictionary projects. This dictionary establishes the underlined cultural anc linguist unifoxmity, 1 commenness that binds various indian languages cutting across rogional and ethnic bareees and the emergence of pan-Indian vocabulary. This dictionary af common words in Indian languages is printed in two volumes. gar Prof, Awadesh Kemar Mishra Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1am gratofil te Director CIIL tor his support and encouragement for this projec. My tanks are due t language schelats Shri Parameswaran & ShriS.M.Abokar (Malayslam), ProtRamlal Verma (Assamese), Shri.Pandya Yagnesh, Smt Pinky Shah (Cujaesti), Dr Anita ), DeShakurtala Reddy: & ProfKusuma Kumari (Telugu), Dr.V.D.Hegde (Kannada), Dr Pratibhe Mudaliar (Marathi), De-¥Gnazam (Tamil) for their expert advice in finalizing the dictionary Jam also grateful to my collaguss at CHIL Smt. Anitha Badeinath and Srat. Poornima Sanjay for typing and process ng the mansscriat, Dr:K.Seinivascharya for seeing the dictionary trough press, Shri#HManchar for cover designing, ShrifR.Nandeesh and ‘She.M.N.Chanérashekhar for suservising the printing ofthis volume: without their enoperation ‘Ake printing of eis valume would not have been possine, The ciesonary book is printed in www Volumes Lalita Handoo INTRODUCTION Common words in Incian languages offers a vor significant area of study indicating toa Jong process of acculturation an identiicstcn spread eves thousaads of yeats anc eesulting io the eme-gence of a pan ladian culture with common cultural and linguistic Features. These words common in two or more Indiar languages may brcadiy be atteibuted to the common inhertants with oF without phonologeal adeptations or mutations and common political historical pas, er shared ethro-cukwral cieumstance, migsation and industralizasioa. The bull. oF the common weil in lila languages come fram Satshelsshich dus to historical reasons enjoyed a venerable position in India eutting aeross geographical and ellnic beriers. These nic Fusion might have entered as loans but in due course of lime aver generations heve become a common cultural continuum, these words of Sanskrit have been oassed on through successive stages tans and conceptual affiliates and forin @ ebunk of common words in Indian Lan we, sinew, wid, wre, FR, wa te, words atthe inital juneture of iversfiewtion and assumed the status of lexical ges such es Ter, =TeT Fa, se, S Another major source for common words it Indian languages has been, Perso-Acabic, Mughals settled down i India along with thelr functionares and armies. They promoted literature end aris und the contael with the local people was not mundane, The proceses uf weculturation and language convergence were boll ston an Gs whit also ‘esulted in linguistic parallelism and gave birth to Urdu which served as the transmitter of Perso- Arabic words into Indian languages. The large number of these Perso-Arabie wards in Indian Tunguages isthe result of dhese fast need based processes ard have become part of our “exical repersirethrougheut the entire stretch ofthe country such as aa7a, SAN, SHER, ATHY, AP, 9 see, Bret, reg “Yet another large stock of common words are the resl-of Foreign influence during the tme of East inci Company, vie French (Kamiz) Portughese (host, goddam, sipai, ist) and English. With the coming of East India Company English eame ino orominence find in Britsh rule enjayed the status of offic a! language, the languages of the rulers, Th colonial bilinguslism whicn originated during British role, fostered in official and upper sosic- eoanamic circles, continued unhindered even atter independence till date. As a result of industalizaion thase English words came into Indian languages as accompaniment to newer innovations, filling lexical gaps particularly in scientific and technical fields, Fven after aver 30 years oF independence, English today continues to anjoy the staus of second oficial larguags or ‘he link language slong with Hindi and other Indian languages fir alministative purposes and {or inve-Lngual communication and academic discourse, Although Indian languages scholaes for research and academic purposes may distinguish between the native and non-native words, sel these very loan words have in de eourse af time gat assrilaed and have become part and parcel ofthe Indian languages and their common parlance. ‘These undoubtedly form e large past of the body of common words ard have bron inched inthe present dstoar, for vious teosons, Examples *3, 34, Fw, #8 wow, gr, aes we, Ale ‘The work on the present detionary project commenced in the year 197% and was completed in the year 2002. Te (cavers fourteen modem Indian languages ef India which are ‘recognized as national languages inthe VIII sexedue ofthe Constitution oF India, However, de to constraints of tine and resources. Nepali, Maripurl and Konkani could not be included inthis dictionary as they were included in the lst of the schedule languapes much late English has been included to provide glasses. Considering the fat that these different miso languages have developed from iwo major language families ~ Indy Aryan and Dravidian, the straeuy for selection of entries adopted and their presentation is as flows (1) A word should be commen berveen at least v0 non-cognate languages @)A wor! is considered common if it has a commen form, with or without phono- adaptations, an¢ shares at least one commen snesning 8) [fa word kas more than one extended meaning ir axy one or more languages, only the sharec meanings are given. Resritions In « particular guage or languages and the absence of metning are indicaled by blank space, of... case of polysemous words (4) Polysemy of words is incicated inthe gloss by giving numbers 1, 2 ete. Homonyonous centres however are repeated, and treated a individual wore. (5) Words with similar form but diffe-ent meanings de not fall under the purview of this study’ and are hence not ixcudee in the present dietiorary. There isa sizeable stock of such words called ful friends? across languages thal require tobe studied separately (6) Hindi word lis: is the Easis of comparison to find commonness with other Ingian languages. (7; Grammatical category of only Hindi entry word, restreted to ourt of speech is indicated. Differences in grammatical categories if any in aller languages are not indicated (8) Because of ts wider use, and user friendly ature, Devanagari seript is used 10 tuansevibe the words in acer Indian languages, which havea serint oftheir on