imiscoe Diaspora and transnationalism are widely used concepts in academic as well as b reseArch a political discourses. Although originally referring to quite different phenomena, they u b increasingly overlap today. such inflation of meanings goes hand in hand with a  c danger of essentialising collective identities. This book therefore analyses diaspora and k & transnationalism as research perspectives rather than as characteristics of particular f social groups. Its contributions focus on conceptual uses, theoretical challenges and a Diaspora and i s methodological innovations in the study of social ties that transcend nation and state t ( boundaries. Bringing together authors from a wide range of fields and approaches in e d Transnationalism the social sciences, this volume is evidence that studying border-crossing affiliations also s . ) requires a crossing of disciplinary boundaries. D i a Concepts, Theories and Methods Authors: rainer Bauböck, Paolo Boccagni, Michel Bruneau, Anastasia christou, Janine s p Dahinden, Thomas Faist, Nina Glick schiller, Uwe hunger, Koen Jonkers, Laia Jorba, o russell King, Kathrin Kissau, Maria Koinova, Valentina Mazzucato, Laura Morales, r a rainer baubck & thomas faist (eds.) Karsten Paerregaard, Myra A. Waterbury, Agnieszka Weinar. a n d “Diaspora and transnationalism have become buzzwords in popular debates. In this innovative work, Bauböck, Faist and their co-authors reclaim the concepts for social science by demonstrating their significance for contemporary T migration research.” r a stephen castles, research chair in sociology, The University of sydney n s n “A strong, elegant and very welcome map and compass for the concepts, theories, questions and methodological challenges a that drive research on the global condition.” t i Peggy Levitt, Author of God Needs No Passport and Professor of sociology, Wellesley college o n a “An insightful and thought-provoking contribution to the theoretical and l methodological debates. The chapters provide both fresh and authoritative perspectives on the key issues at stake and is underscore the value of cross-disciplinary dialogue.” m eva Østergaard-Nielsen, Associate Professor of Political science, Autonomous University of Barcelona “‘Diaspora’ and ‘transnationalism’ have come to dominate migration studies over the last two decades. Compiled by foremost scholars in the field, this volume skilfully brings together compelling essays that examine concepts, theories and methods surrounding these two terms.” steven Vertovec, Director, Max Planck Institute for the study of religious and ethnic Diversity isbn 978 90 8964 238 7 amsterdam uniersit ress · .au.n Amsterdam Universit y Press Diasporaand Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories andMethods IMISCOE InternationalMigration, Integration and Social Cohesionin Europe The IMISCOE Research Network unites researchers from, at present, 25 institutes specialising in studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion in Europe. What began in 2004 as a Network of Excellence sponsored by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission has become, as of April 2009, an independent self-funding endeavour. From the start, IMISCOE has promoted integrated, multidisciplinary and globally comparative research led by scholars from various branches of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The Network furthers existing studies and pioneers new scholarship on migration and migrant integration. Encouraging innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governanceisalsoapriority. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series makes the Network’s findingsandresultsavailabletoresearchers,policymakersandpractitioners,the media and other interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by Network members and cooperating partners are evaluated by external peer reviews and the IMISCOE Editorial Committee. The Committee comprises the followingmembers: ChristinaBoswell,SchoolofSocialandPoliticalScience,UniversityofEdinburgh, UnitedKingdom TizianaCaponio,DepartmentofPoliticalStudies,UniversityofTurin/Forumfor InternationalandEuropeanResearchonImmigration(FIERI),Turin,Italy MichaelCollyer,SussexCentreforMigrationResearch(SCMR),Universityof Sussex,UnitedKingdom RositaFibbi,SwissForumforMigrationandPopulationStudies(SFM),University ofNeuchâtel,Switzerland/InstituteofSocialSciences,UniversityofLausanne AlbertKraler,InternationalCentreforMigrationPolicyDevelopment(ICMPD), Vienna,Austria LeoLucassen,InstituteofHistory,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands JorgeMalheiros,CentreofGeographicalStudies(CEG),UniversityofLisbon, Portugal MarcoMartiniello,NationalFundforScientificResearch(FNRS),Brussels/Center forEthnicandMigrationStudies(CEDEM),UniversityofLiège,Belgium PatrickSimon,NationalDemographicInstitute(INED),Paris,France MiriSong,SchoolofSocialPolicyandSociology,UniversityofKent,UnitedKingdom IMISCOEPolicyBriefsandmoreinformationcanbefoundatwww.imiscoe.org. Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods edited by Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist IMISCOE Research Cover image: Paul Klee, ARA, Kühlung in einem Garten derheissen Zone, 1924, Inv.1960.60186, Photo Kunstmuseum Basel, Kupferstichkabinett, Martin P. Bühler Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer BNO,Amsterdam Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 908964 238 7 e-ISBN 978 904851 266 9 NUR 741/763 ©Rainer Bauböck, Thomas Faist /Amsterdam University Press 2010 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,or transmitted, in any form or byany means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book. Table of contents Preface 7 Chapter 1 Diasporaand transnationalism: What kind of dance partners? 9 ThomasFaist Chapter 2 Diasporas, transnational spacesand communities 35 Michel Bruneau Chapter 3 The dynamicsof migrants’ transnational formations: Between mobility and locality 51 JanineDahinden Chapter 4 Instrumentalising diasporas for development: Internationaland European policy discourses 73 Agnieszka Weinar Chapter 5 Interrogating diaspora: Powerand conflictin Peruvian migration 91 KarstenPaerregaard Chapter 6 A globalperspective ontransnational migration: Theorising migration withoutmethodological nationalism 109 Nina Glick Schiller Chapter 7 Bridgingthe divide: Towards a comparative framework for understanding kin state and migrant-sendingstate diasporapolitics 131 Myra A. Waterbury 6 TABLEOFCONTENTS Chapter 8 Diasporas and international politics: Utilising theuniversalistic creed ofliberalism forparticularistic and nationalist purposes 149 Maria Koinova Chapter 9 Diaspora,migration and transnationalism: Insights from the study of second-generation ‘returnees’ 167 Russell King and AnastasiaChristou Chapter 10 Private, public or both? Onthe scope and impact of transnationalism in immigrants’ everyday lives 185 Paolo Boccagni Chapter 11 Operationalising transnational migrant networks througha simultaneousmatched samplemethodology 205 Valentina Mazzucato Chapter 12 Transnationalresearch collaboration: An approachto thestudy of co-publications between overseas Chinese scientistsand their mainland colleagues 227 Koen Jonkers Chapter 13 The internet as a means of studyingtransnationalism and diaspora 245 Kathrin Kissau andUweHunger Chapter 14 Transnationallinks and practices of migrants’organisations in Spain 267 LauraMoralesandLaiaJorba Chapter 15 Cold constellations and hot identities: Political theory questions about transnationalism and diaspora 295 Rainer Bauböck Bibliography 323 List ofcontributors 351 Preface The success of concepts in the social sciences is often measured by the number of academic publications referring to them, by their capacity to cross the boundaries of disciplines and by their penetration into mass media and wider public discourses. If, however, we take qualitative cri- teria such astheexplanatorypower ofaconceptand itsprecisionin dis- tinguishing different social phenomena as indicators for its usefulness in social theory and research, then successful proliferation may dimin- ish academic value. This diagnosis seems to apply to the concepts of transnationalism and diaspora. Both have become extremely popular since the 1990s and are today applied to much broader classes of phe- nomena. This widening of empirical scope has also led to increasing conceptual overlap so that diaspora and transnationalism have become increasingly difficult to distinguish from each other. Yet even in their multifaceted contemporary meanings, each concept still shows the birthmarks of distinct imaginaries, research puzzles and disciplinary styles of reasoning. The danger is that the broadening of conceptual scope will not only result in conceptual inflation, but also in conceptual flattening in the sense that concepts lose their capacity to drill deeper and connect the multiple layers of socially constructed realities in ways that enhance our understanding. The goal of this book is not to settle once and for all the conceptual debate by proposing coherent and authoritative definitions. We have in- steadcometotheWittgensteinianconclusionthatthemeaningoftrans- nationalism and diaspora must be inferred from their actual uses. This pragmatic attitude suggests also that the best test for the present aca- demic value of these concepts lies in their capacity to trigger new re- search perspectives and questions. This is the test that we wanted to ap- ply in this volume. And we think that the result is positive. The chapters of this book are grouped loosely into three sections. In the first part, the emphasis is on the variety of interpretations of the two concepts (chapters 2 – 5). The second part deals with new theoreti- cal approaches and research questions (chapters 6 – 10). And the third part addresses methodological problems and innovations with respect to the study of boundary-crossing activities and affiliations (chapters 11 – 14). The book is framed by an introductory essay that connects the 8 PREFACE strands of the debate (chapter 1) and concluding reflections on how em- pirical research perspectives may enhance our understanding of the evolution of transnational membership norms in democratic polities (chapter 15). A multidisciplinary book project like this one always risks ending up as a compilation of disconnected essays. We have attempted to reduce this danger by engaging all authors in an intensive process of debate during an initial conference as well as in subsequent rounds of elabora- tion and revision of the chapters. The project started with an IMISCOE theory conference hosted at and co-organised by the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence from 10-12 April 2008. A call for papers was launched within the IMISCOE network and the EUI, and was eventually also circulated within other networks. Altogether 40 ex- tended outlines of papers were submitted. Aprogramme committee in- volving seven IMISCOEmembers invited28scholars to submit fullver- sions of their papers at the conference. Apart from Nina Glick Schiller’s chapter 6, all contributions in this book were presented in initial draft versions at the conference. And all essays, apart from Valentina Mazzucato’s chapter 11, are original contributions that have not been published before. A full draft version of the book was reviewed by three anonymous peer reviewers, whose detailed suggestions were extremely helpfulforthelastroundofextensiverevisions.Thisprojecthasalsore- sulted in an IMISCOE policy brief ‘Ties acrossborders: the growing sal- ience of transnationalism and diaspora politics’ by Rainer Bauböck, whichis availableat www.imiscoe.org/publications/policybriefs. Apart from the authors and editors, several other persons have been involved in this project and have contributed to its successful conclu- sion. Listing them and their locations shows how producing this book on transnationalism was itself a transnational process. Wiebke Sievers, based at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and long-term administrator of the IMISCOE thematic cluster on migration and citizenship, was pi- votal in the administration of the conference and its follow-up. At the EUI in Florence, Eva Breivik provided secretarial support and Eduardo Romanos’ editorial assistance was crucial for preparing the book publi- cation. In Toronto, Edith Klein carefully edited the manuscript for book publication. The IMISCOE Network Office in Amsterdam and the IMISCOE Editorial Committee, spread across Europe, have consistently supported the project. Karina Hof’s patient assistance and professional advice deserve to be specially mentioned here. The Amsterdam University Press team (Erik van Aert, Jaap Wagenaar and Christine Waslander) has also been very supportive. We are grateful to all of them. Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist Chapter 1 Diaspora and transnationalism: What kind of dance partners? Thomas Faist1 1.1 Introduction: Diaspora and transnationalism as awkward dance partners Over the past decades, the concepts of diaspora and transnationalism have served as prominent research lenses through which to view the aftermath of international migration and the shifting of state borders across populations. The research has focused on delineating the genesis and reproduction of transnational social formations, as well as the parti- cular macro-societal contexts in which these cross-border social forma- tions have operated, such as ‘globalisation’ and ‘multiculturalism’. Although both terms refer to cross-border processes, diaspora has been often used to denote religious or national groups living outside an (ima- gined)homeland,whereastransnationalism isoften used bothmore nar- rowly – to refer to migrants’ durable ties across countries – and, more widely, to capture not only communities, but all sorts of social forma- tions, such astransnationallyactive networks,groupsand organisations. Moreover, while diaspora and transnationalism are sometimes used in- terchangeably, the two terms reflect different intellectual genealogies. The revival of the notion of diaspora and the advent of transnational ap- proaches can be used productively to study central questions of social and politicalchange and transformation. The goal of this volume is to bringtogether these two awkward dance partners, which talk about similar categories of persons involving forms of forced and voluntary migrations. In contrasting and comparing these two concepts across a range of social science disciplines – sociology, po- litical science, geography and anthropology – the book is meant to be theoretical in the wide sense of the term. The aim is not to develop a comprehensive theory or a synthesis of a theory, nor to apply a distinct setoftheoriestocross-border social phenomena.Theterm‘theory’here relates to theoretically guided empirical propositions, ranging from thick descriptions aiming at particular events and sites, on one end of the continuum, to grand general theory at the other end. Neither is this