Deviant Behavior TWELFTH EDITION Alex Thio Ohio University Jim D. Taylor Ohio University Zanesville Martin D. Schwartz George Washington University 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 Portfolio Manager: Bimbabati Sen Full-Service Project Manager: Integra Software Content Producer: Kani Kapoor Services Pvt. Ltd. Portfolio Manager Assistant: Anna Austin Compositor: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Product Marketer: Jessica Quaza Printer/Binder: LSC Communications, Inc. Content Producer Manager: Jennifer Sargunar Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Art/Designer: Integra Software Services Cover Design: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Pvt. Ltd. Cover Art: Shutterstock Acknowledgments of third party content appear on page 445, which constitutes an extension of this c opyright page. Copyright © 2019, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Thio, Alex, author. | Taylor, Jimmy D., 1973- author. | Schwartz, Martin D., author. Title: Deviant behavior / Alex Thio, Ohio University, Jim D. Taylor, Ohio University Zanesville, Martin D. Schwartz, George Washington University. Description: Twelfth Edition. | Boston: Pearson, [2018] Identifiers: LCCN 2017039822| ISBN 9780134627090 | ISBN 0134627091 Subjects: LCSH: Deviant behavior. Classification: LCC HM811 .T46 2018 | DDC 302.5/42—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039822 1 17 Books a la Carte ISBN-10: 0-13-462709-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-462709-0 Brief Contents Part I Perspectives and Theories 1 Part IV Diverse Lifestyles 207 1 What Is Deviant Behavior? 2 9 Heterosexual Deviance 208 2 Positivist Theories 17 10 Gays and Other Targets of Stigma 240 3 Constructionist Theories 34 11 Internet Deviance 269 Part II Interpersonal Violence 55 Part V Substance Use and Abuse 289 4 Physical Violence 56 12 Drug Use 290 5 Sexual Assault and Child Molestation 82 13 Drinking and Alcoholism 321 6 Family Violence 115 Part VI Inequality in Deviance 349 Part III Self-Destructive Deviance 141 14 Privileged Deviance 350 7 Suicide and Self-Harm 142 15 Underprivileged Deviance 382 8 Mental Disorder 175 iii This page is intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi 3 Constructionist Theories 34 About the Authors xv Labeling Theory 35 A Version of Symbolic Interactionism 35 Part I Perspectives and Theories 1 Who Labels Whom? 36 1 What Is Deviant Behavior? 2 Consequences of Labeling 37 CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LABELED 37 • CONSEQUENCES An Academic Adventure Begins 3 FOR THE LABELER 38 Conflicting Definitions 5 Evaluating Labeling Theory 38 The Positivist Perspective 6 Phenomenological Theory 39 Absolutism: Deviance as Absolutely Real 6 Critique of Positivism 39 Objectivism: Deviance as an Observable Object 7 Subjectivism as the Key to Deviant Reality 40 Determinism: Deviance as Determined Behavior 7 Ethnography: An Application of The Constructionist Perspective 8 Phenomenology 40 Relativism: Deviance as a Label 8 Evaluating Phenomenological Theory 41 Subjectivism: Deviance as a Subjective Experience 9 Deviance as Drama and Warrior Narratives 42 Voluntarism: Deviance as a Voluntary Act 11 Dramaturgy and Stigma 42 An Integrated View 12 Warrior Narratives 44 A Word About Deviance and Crime 14 Critical Theory 44 Legal Reality Theory 45 Summary 15 • Further Reading 15 • Critical Thinking Questions 16 • Internet Resources 16 Social Reality Theory 46 Conflict Theory 47 2 Positivist Theories 17 Critical Theory 48 Feminist Theory 48 Anomie-Strain Theory 18 Power Theory 49 Merton: The Goal–Means Gap 18 Postmodernist Theory 50 Cohen: Status Frustration 20 Evaluating Critical and Conflict Theory 51 Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Illegitimate Opportunity 21 Summary 52 • Further Reading 53 • Critical Thinking Recent Developments 23 Questions 54 • Internet Resources 54 Evaluating Anomie-Strain Theory 23 Social Learning Theory 24 Part II Interpersonal Violence 55 Sutherland: Differential Association 24 Glaser: Differential Identification 25 4 Physical Violence 56 Burgess and Akers: Differential Reinforcement 25 ■ Myths and Realities 57 Evaluating Social Learning Theory 26 Assault and Aggravated Assault 58 Control Theory 27 Who Is More Likely to Kill? 58 Hirschi, Gottfredson, and Tittle: Social Bond, Self-Control, and Control Balance 27 Class and Race 58 Sykes and Matza: Neutralization and Drift 28 Regions, Large Cities, and Rural Areas 59 Braithwaite: Reintegrative Shaming 29 Gender and Age 60 The Deterrence Doctrine 29 Patterns of Killing 61 Evaluating Control Theory 30 Time of Killing 61 Summary 31 • Further Reading 32 • Critical Thinking Place of Killing 62 Questions 33 • Internet Resources 33 Method of Killing 62 v vi Contents Characteristics of Homicide 63 Molesting Boys 110 Warm-Blooded Murder 63 The Scandal of Pedophile Priests 111 Doing the Victim a Favor 64 Summary 112 • Further Reading 113 • Critical Thinking Winning a Trivial Argument 64 Questions 114 • Internet Resources 114 Homicide Followed by Suicide 65 6 Family Violence 115 Mass and Serial Murder 66 A Social Profile of Serial Killers 67 ■ Myths and Realities 116 A Global Perspective on Homicide 68 Myths About Family Violence 117 School Violence 69 Myth 1: Family Violence Hits the Poor Only 117 Myth 2: Violence and Love Cannot Happen Together 117 Stalking 70 Myth 3: Most Abused Children Grow Up to Be Hate Killing 71 Abusive Parents 118 Genocide 72 Myth 4: Alcohol and Drugs Are Involved in Most Terrorism 73 Family Violence 118 The September 11 Attacks 73 The Extent of Family Violence 118 Myths About Terrorism 74 Marital Rape 119 Why Do People Kill? 75 The Nature of Marital Rape 119 External Restraint Theory 75 Causes of Marital Rape 120 Subculture of Violence Theory 76 Wife Beating 121 Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder? 77 The Nature of Woman Abuse 121 Summary 78 • Further Reading 80 • Critical Thinking Why Don’t Some Battered Wives Leave? 122 Questions 81 • Internet Resources 81 Causes of Woman Abuse 123 5 Sexual Assault and Child Molestation 82 Child Abuse 123 The Nature of Child Abuse 124 ■ Myths and Realities 83 Causes of Child Abuse 126 Patterns of Rape 84 Female Genital Mutilation 127 Racial, Age, and Situational Factors 84 Elder Abuse 128 Planning and Execution 85 The Nature of Elder Abuse 128 Gang Rape 86 Causes of Elder Abuse 129 Acquaintance Rape 87 A Social Profile of Family Abusers 130 Campus Rape 89 AGE 130 • CLASS 130 • GENDER 131 • STRESSFUL The Myth of Victim Precipitation 90 LIFE 131 • SOCIAL ISOLATION 131 Consequences of Rape 91 A Global Perspective on Family Violence 131 The Rape Survivor’s Response 91 Theories of Family Violence 132 The Feeling of Being Raped Again 93 Social Learning Theory 132 The Culture of Rape 95 Stress Theory 133 Treating Women Like Men’s Property 95 Exchange Theory 133 Using Women in Men’s Masculinity Contests 97 Social Responses to Family Violence 133 The Myth That Women Ask for It 98 Protecting Women: Marital Rape and Battering 133 Socializing Girls to Be Victims 99 Protecting Children 134 A Global Perspective on Wartime Rape 100 Protecting Elders 135 Why Men Rape Women 101 Summary 136 • Further Reading 137 • Critical Thinking Psychological Theories 101 Questions 138 • Internet Resources 138 Social Psychological Theory: Sexual Permissiveness 102 Part III Self-Destructive Feminist Theory: Gender Inequality 103 Deviance 141 Male Peer Support Theory 104 Males as Victims 105 7 Suicide and Self-Harm 142 Inside the Prison 105 Outside the Prison 106 ■ Myths and Realities 143 Can Women Rape Men? 107 Varieties of Suicidal Experiences 144 Child Molestation 109 Threatening Suicide 145 Some Basic Facts 109 Attempting Suicide 145 A Social Profile of Child Molesters 109 Committing Suicide 145 Contents vii Self-Injurers 147 Race and Ethnicity 187 Cutting 147 Urban Environment 187 Inside the Social Structure and Organization of Cutting 148 PTSD: An Impact of War 188 Cutting and Suicide 149 A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder 188 Durkheim and the Sociological Origins of Self-Injury 149 Societal Responses to Mental Disorder 189 Body Piercing 150 Historical Background 189 The Public 190 Groups with Higher Suicide Rates 151 The Court 191 Residents in Rural, Wide-Open Areas 152 Whites 152 INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT 191 • DENYING RIGHTS 192 • INSANITY DEFENSE 192 The Less Religious 153 The Mental Hospital 193 Males 154 The Community Mental Health Center 195 Pro-Ana and Fat Acceptance Advocates 154 Perspectives on Mental Disorder 196 The Divorced or Single 155 The Medical Model 196 Older People 155 The Psychosocial Model 197 The Relatively Well-Off 156 PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 197 • SOCIAL STRESS A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers 157 THEORY 198 Situational Factors in Suicide 158 The Labeling Model 199 Going Through Adolescence 158 MENTAL ILLNESS AS A MYTH 199 • THE IMPACT OF Going to College 159 LABELING 200 • INSANITY AS SUPERSANITY 201 • CRITICISMS OF THE LABELING MODEL 202 Joining the Military 160 Summary 202 • Further Reading 203 • Critical Thinking Being in Prison 161 Questions 204 • Internet Resources 205 Being Stricken with AIDS 161 Foreign Born Latinos 162 Under Media Influence 162 Part IV Diverse Lifestyles 207 A Global Perspective on Suicide 163 9 Heterosexual Deviance 208 Social Responses to Suicide 164 Survivors’ Reactions 164 ■ Myths and Realities 209 Advocating Suicide 165 Teen Sex 210 Suicide by Cop 166 Extramarital Sex 211 Preventing Suicide 167 Seductive Myths 212 Sociological Theories of Suicide 167 Cultural Variations 212 Classical Durkheimian Theory 168 Social Factors 213 A Modern Durkheimian Theory 169 A Social Profile of Swingers 214 Phenomenological Theories 170 Pornography 215 THEORY OF SUICIDAL MEANINGS 171 • THEORY OF The Porn Industry 216 SUICIDAL PROCESS 171 The Effects of Pornography 216 Summary 172 • Further Reading 173 • Critical Thinking PORNOGRAPHY AS HARMFUL 217 • PORNOGRAPHY Questions 174 • Internet Resources 174 AS HARMLESS 218 Phone Sex 218 8 Mental Disorder 175 Nude Dancing 219 Sexual Harassment 220 ■ Myths and Realities 176 The World of Prostitution 221 Popular Beliefs 177 Myths About Prostitution 221 Types of Mental Disorder 179 Types of Prostitutes 222 Traditional Classification 179 STREETWALKERS 222 • CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOSIS 180 • NEUROSIS 181 • PERSONALITY PROSTITUTES 223 • BROTHEL WORKERS 225 • CALL DISORDER 182 GIRLS AND ESCORTS 225 The DSM–5 Classification 182 Social and Sexual Backgrounds 226 Social Factors in Mental Disorder 184 Reasons for Becoming Prostitutes 227 Social Class 184 The Subculture of Prostitution 227 Gender 185 Other Participants in Prostitution 229 Young Age 185 THE MADAM 229 • THE PIMP 229 • THE CLIENT 230 A Social Profile of Depressed Teens 186 Societal Reaction to Prostitution 231 viii Contents A Global Perspective on Prostitution 233 Seeking Easy Money Online 271 Theories of Prostitution 234 Online Identity Theft 271 Functionalist Theory 234 Internet Gambling 272 Social-Psychological Theory 235 Searching Cyberspace for Sex 274 Oppression, Empowerment, and Polymorphous Cybersex 274 Theories 236 Internet Pornography 275 Summary 236 • Further Reading 238 • Critical Thinking A Social Profile of Cyberporn Surfers 275 Questions 239 • Internet Resources 239 Online Affairs 276 Expressing Hate Online 277 10 Gays and Other Targets Prejudice and Discrimination in Cyberspace 277 of Stigma 240 Internet Trolls 278 ■ Myths and Realities 241 Stalking Through Cyberspace 278 Virtual Kidnapping 279 Myths About Homosexuality 242 Cracking the Code 279 Gays and Lesbians 244 Computer Hacking 279 How Many Are There? 244 Anonymous 281 What Are Gays Like? 245 Internet Crime Complaint Center 282 What Are Lesbians Like? 246 Terrorism in Cyberspace 282 LIKE OTHER WOMEN 246 • UNLIKE OTHER WOMEN 246 The Deep Web 283 Coming Out 247 Pirates, Politics, and Religion 284 Gay and Lesbian Lifestyles 248 Image Based Woman Abuse 284 FAMILY AND CHILDREN 248 • DATING AND A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance 285 MARRIAGE 249 • POLITICS, EDUCATION, AND Summary 286 • Further Reading 287 • Critical Thinking RELIGION 249 Questions 288 • Internet Resources 288 Theories of Homosexuality 250 BIOLOGICAL THEORIES 250 • PSYCHIATRIC Part V Substance Use and Abuse 289 THEORIES 251 • SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 251 Same-Sex Practices Among Heterosexuals 12 Drug Use 290 and Bisexuals 252 Trades 252 ■ Myths and Realities 291 Street Hustlers 252 Drug Use in Perspective 292 Situationals 253 Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and Users 292 Bisexuals 253 Marijuana 293 Homophobia 254 Heroin 295 The Homophobic View of Homosexuality 254 Cocaine and Crack 298 The Nature and Extent of Homophobia 255 Meth and Roofies 300 A Social Profile of Homophobes 256 Ecstasy 300 The Impact of Homophobia 256 Social Dimensions of Drug Use 301 SOCIAL PROBLEMS 256 • PSYCHOLOGICAL The Extent of Drug Use 301 PROBLEMS 257 Drugs and AIDS 302 AIDS, Gays, and Straights 257 Drugs and Crime 303 Fighting Homophobia 258 Drugs and Socioeconomic Status 304 A Global Perspective on Homophobia 260 Becoming a Drug User 305 Other Victims of Social Stigma 260 A Social Profile of Illegal Drug Users 306 Transgenderists: Transsexuals, Intersexuals, What Causes Illegal Drug Use? 307 and Transvestites 260 Economic Deprivation Theory 307 People with Physical Disabilities 262 Cognitive Association Theory 308 The Obese 263 Social Psychological Theory 309 The Tattooed 264 The War on Drugs 309 Summary 266 • Further Reading 267 • Critical Thinking Historical Pattern 310 Questions 268 • Internet Resources 268 Punitive Strategy: Law Enforcement 311 Debate over Legalizing Drugs 312 11 Internet Deviance 269 Supportive Strategy: Prevention and Treatment 313 ■ Myths and Realities 270 DRUG PREVENTION 313 • DRUG TREATMENT 314 Contents ix Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin 314 Part VI Inequality in Deviance 349 Smoking Cigarettes 316 A Global Perspective on Smoking 317 14 Privileged Deviance 350 Summary 318 • Further Reading 319 • Critical Thinking ■ Myths and Realities 351 Questions 320 • Internet Resources 320 What Is White-Collar Deviance? 352 Corporate Deviance 353 13 Drinking and Alcoholism 321 Deviance Against Employees 353 ■ Myths and Realities 322 Deviance Against Customers 354 DANGEROUS FOODS 354 • UNSAFE PRODUCTS 355 • The Extent of Drinking and Alcoholism 323 FRAUDS 355 • DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING 357 • Myths About Alcohol Abuse 323 ANTITRUST VIOLATIONS 357 What Alcohol Does to Its Users 324 Deviance Against the Government 358 Mental and Physical Impact 324 Deviance Against the Environment 359 Health Effects 325 A Social Profile of Corporate Crooks 360 Social Consequences 326 Occupational Deviance 361 Social Factors in Drinking 327 Employee Theft 362 Gender and Age 327 Embezzlement 362 Racial and Ethnic Background 328 Financial Frauds 363 AFRICAN AMERICANS 328 • HISPANIC AMERICANS 328 • Deviance in the Professions 364 NATIVE AMERICANS 329 • IRISH AMERICANS 329 • MEDICAL MISCONDUCT 364 • LAWYERLY ITALIAN AND CHINESE AMERICANS 330 LAWLESSNESS 365 • ACCOUNTING ABUSE 366 Religious Affiliation 330 What Makes White-Collar Deviance Unique? 366 Socioeconomic Status 331 The Deviant’s Respectable Self-Image 367 Regional Location 331 The Victim’s Unwitting Cooperation 367 A Global Perspective on Drinking 332 Society’s Relative Indifference 368 What Is Alcoholism? 333 Causes of White-Collar Deviance 369 Becoming an Alcoholic 334 Deviant Motivation: Fear of Loss and Greed Social Drinker 334 for Gain 369 Psychologically Addicted 335 Deviant Opportunity: The Benefit of High Physically Addicted 335 Position and Power 370 Hitting Bottom 335 Weak Social Control: Lax Law Enforcement 370 College Students and Alcohol 336 Governmental Deviance 371 Binge Drinking in College 336 RECEIVING KICKBACKS FROM BUSINESSES 372 • ABUSIVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS 372 • A Social Profile of College Binge Drinkers 336 ABUSING THE FRANK 372 Women and Alcohol 337 Election Improprieties 373 Why More Women Drink Today 337 DENIAL OF VOTING RIGHT 373 • POLITICAL DIRTY Alcoholism Among Women 338 TRICKS 373 • CAMPAIGN FINANCE ABUSES 373 What Causes Alcoholism? 339 Official Violence 374 A Biological Predisposition 339 A Global Perspective on Official Corruption 374 The Alcoholic Personality 340 Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance 375 Social and Cultural Forces 340 Denying the Obvious 376 EXPLAINING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 340 • EXPLAINING Ignoring the Deviance 376 GROUP DIFFERENCES 341 Accusing the Accuser 376 Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse 342 Promising to Take Action 377 Legal Measures 342 Justifying the Deviance 377 THE PAST 342 • THE PRESENT 343 Other Methods of Neutralization 378 Therapeutic Approaches 344 Causes of Governmental Deviance 378 DETOX AND TREATMENT CENTERS 344 • ALCOHOLICS Superabundance of Ambiguous Laws 378 ANONYMOUS 344 • CAN ALCOHOLICS LEARN TO DRINK MODERATELY? 345 Governmental Complexity and Power 379 Summary 346 • Further Reading 347 • Critical Thinking Summary 379 • Further Reading 380 • Critical Thinking Questions 348 • Internet Resources 348 Questions 381 • Internet Resources 381