Developments in Central and East European Politics 2 Developments titles available from Macmillan Patrick Dunleavy, Andrew Gamble, Ian Holliday and Gillian Peele (e ds) DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH POLITICS 5 Peter A. Hall, Jack Hayward and Howard Machin (eds) DEVELOPMENTS IN FRENCH POLITICS (REVISED EDITION) Gillian Peele, Christopher Bailey, Bruce Cain and B. Guy Peters (eds) DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICAN POLITICS 3 Martin Rhodes, Paul Heywood and Vincent Wright (eds) DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST EUROPEAN POLITICS Gordon Smith, William E. Paterson and Stephen Padgett (eds) DEVELOPMENTS IN GERMAN POLITICS 2 Stephen White, Judy Batt and Paul G. Lewis (eds) DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPEAN POLITICS 2 Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman (eds) DEVELOPMENTS IN RUSSIAN POLITICS 4 If you have any comments or suggestions regarding this list or other Developments titles, please write to Steven Kennedy, Publishing Director, Macmillan Press Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, UK. Developments in Central and East European Politics 2 Edited by Stephen White Judy Batt Paul G. Lewis Selection and editorial matter© Stephen White, Judy Batt and Paul G. Lewis 1998 Individual chapters (in order) © Judy Batt, Paul G. Lewis, Tom Gallagher, Sarah Birch, Judy Batt and Kataryna Wolczuk, Ray Taras, David M. Olson, Gordon Wightman, Krzysztof Jasiewicz, George Blazyca, Terry Cox, Chris Corrin, Adrian Hyde-Price, Richard Rose, 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-72672-3 ISBN 978-1-349-26589-3 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-26589-3 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson Tavistock and Rochdale, England This book is a direct replacement for Developments in East European Politics, published 1993, reprinted 3 times. Contents List of Tables and Figures IX Notes on the Contributors xi Preface XIV Map of Central and Eastern Europe xvi 1 Introduction: Defining Central and Eastern Europe 1 Judy Batt Peoples and Borders, Nations and States 1 Communism, Nationalism and Democratisation 7 About This Book 14 PART ONE: PATTERNS OF POLITICS 2 East-Central Europe: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, 23 Hungary and Poland Paul G. Lewis The End of Communist Rule 26 The Postcommunist System 29 Contemporary Issues 37 3 The Balkans: Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and the Former 43 Yugoslavia Tom Gallagher Balkan Communism 44 The Politics of Elections 48 The Culture of Nationalism 51 Continuing Crises of Legitimacy 53 Towards a Stable Postcommunist Order? 56 4 In the Shadow of Moscow: Ukraine, Moldova and the 59 Baltic Republics Sarah Birch Historical Background and the Break-up of the Soviet Union 61 The Post-Soviet States 66 Current Issues 70 Conclusion 79 v vi Contents PART Two: TuE CoNTEMPORARY PoLITICAL SYSTEM 5 Redefining the State: The Constitutional Process 83 Judy Batt and Kataryna Wolczuk From Communist Constitutions to Constitution-Making 86 A Case Study: Poland 90 The Special Case of Federal States 93 Constitutions, Nationalism and State-Building 96 6 The Politics of Leadership Ray Taras 103 Leadership Confronted with Resurgent Representative Institutions 103 Factors Shaping Executive Power 106 Models of Executive Power 108 The Background of East European Leadership 111 Models of Leadership among the East European States 112 Conclusion 123 7 The Parliaments of New Democracies and the Politics of 126 Representation David M. Olson Profile of Parliaments 127 Parliaments in the Double Transition: Democracy and Statehood 129 Elections and Political Parties 131 Members 133 Internal Organisation and Procedures 134 The Other Chambers 139 Executives, Governments, and Presidents 142 Transitional Legislatures in Transitional Democratic Political Systems 143 Emerging Types of Postcommunist Legislatures 145 8 Parties and Politics Gordon Wightman 147 Parties in Postcommunist Central and Eastern Europe 148 Sources of Party Strength and Weakness 158 Conclusion 164 9 Elections and Voting Behaviour Krzysztof Jasiewicz 166 Electoral Legitimation and Regime Transition 168 Seats and Votes: The Politics of Electoral Reform 17 5 The Politics of Democratic Consolidation 179 Contents Vll PART THREE: THE PoLITics oF THE PoLicY PRocEss 10 The Politics of Economic Transformation 191 George Blazyca The Decline of Central Planning 191 Rebuilding the Economy: A Diversity of Experiences in the 1990s 195 Outcomes 207 11 The Politics of Social Change Terry Cox 216 Aspects of the Social Inequality Under Communist Rule 218 Social Inequality and Economic Transformation 219 Unemployment 222 Poverty 225 A New Middle Class? 228 Political Responses 230 12 The Politics of Gender Chris Corrin 234 Gendered Inequalities 235 Rights and Duties: Production and Reproduction 240 Transitional Debates 242 Social Change and Women's Organisation 246 Conclusion 250 PART FouR: CENTRAL AND EASTERN EuROPE AND THE WIDER WoRLD 13 Patterns oflnternational Politics Adrian Hyde-Price 255 The Changing Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe 256 The Pluralisation of Central and Eastern Europe 258 Regional Cooperation: East-Central Europe, the Baltic and the Black Sea 261 'Return to Europe': The International Dimension 264 Security in Central and Eastern Europe 267 The Antinomies of Central and Eastern Europe 273 14 Prospects for Democracy in Postcommunist 276 Europe Richard Rose Free, Partly Free and the Unfree Successor States 279 viii Contents Patterns of Change 282 What About Undemocratic Alternatives? 289 Catching Up or Divergence? 290 Further Reading 296 Bibliography 300 Index 319 List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe under imperial rule in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 3 1.2 Religious traditions in Central and Eastern Europe 16 1.3 Major languages spoken in Central and Eastern Europe 17 2.1 Basic data: East Central Europe, 1996 24 2.2 Slovak parliamentary elections, September/October 1994 32 2.3 Czech parliamentary elections, May/June 1996 33 2.4 Hungarian parliamentary elections, May 1994 34 2.5 Polish parliamentary elections, September 1997 36 3.1 Basic data: the Balkans, 1996 44 3.2 Croatian parliamentary elections, 1995 49 3.3 Bulgarian parliamentary elections, 1997 55 3.4 Romanian parliamentary elections, 1996 56 4.1 Basic data: the Post-Soviet States, 1996 60 4.2 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, 1994 72 4.3 Moldovan parliamentary elections, 1994 72 4.4 Estonian parliamentary elections, 1995 73 4.5 Latvian parliamentary elections, 1995 73 4.6 Lithuanian parliamentary elections, 1996 74 6.1 Presidencies in Central and Eastern Europe 113 7.1 Structural profile of Central and East European parliaments 128 7.2 The other chamber in Central and Eastern Europe 140 9.1 Electoral systems in Central and Eastern Europe 176 10.1 A snapshot of Central and East European economies in 1989 and 1990 196 10.2 Polish shock therapy: official expectations versus actual outcomes 199 10.3 Transformation progress 210 Appendix 10.1 Central and East European economies: output performance in the first phase of transformation, 1990-5 213 ix