DEVELOPMENTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Y 4. SE 2/10; 104-1-2 Developnents in Bosnia-Herzegovina, JIING . BEFORE TIIE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JANUARY 31, 1995 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe [CSCE 104-1-2] JUN2 6 tex- f^, .»~. ••tI U.S. GOVER.VMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1995 Forsaleb) iheU.S.Go\emmentPnntingOffice SuperintendentofDocumenLs.CongressionalSalesOffice.Washington.DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-047092-7 DEVELOPMENTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Y 4. SE 2/10; 104-1-2 Oevelopiients in Bo5»ia-Herzejogiiu, JIING . BEFORE THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JANUARY 31, 1995 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe [CSCE 104-1-2] JyN2 6 tea;, fg' :•* ;•' ;tI U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1996 ForSidebytlieU.S.Go\cmnientPrintingOffice SuperintendentofDocuments.CongressionalSalesOffice.Washington.DC 2(M02 ISBN 0-16-047092-7 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE Legislative Branch Commissioners* HOUSE SENATE CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York, Chairman Co-Chairman JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois BEN NIGHTHORSE CAMPBELL, Colorado FRANK R. WOLF, Virginia DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Idaho DAVID FUNDERBURK, North Carolina RICK SANTORUM, Pennsylvania MATT SALMON, Arizona SPENCER ABRAHAM, Michigan STENY H. HOYER, Maryland FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts HARRY REID, Nevada BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico BOB GRAHAM, Florida BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland (Vacancy) Executive Branch Commissioners John Shattuck, Department ofState ASHTON Carter, Department ofDefense Charles Meissner, Department ofCommerce Commission Staff Dorothy Douglas Taft, ChiefofStaff Mike Hathaway, Deputy ChiefofStaff Samuel G. Wise, DirectorforInternational Policy David M. Evans, SeniorAdvisor Mike AmiTAY, StaffAdvisor Orest Deychakiwsky, StaffAdvisor John Finerty, StaffAdvisor ChadwicK R. Gore, Communications Director Robert Hand, StaffAdvisor Janice Helwig, Sta/fAdvisor MarLENE KaUFMANN, Counsel for International Trade Ronald McNamaRA, Sta/fAdvisor Michael OCHS, StaffAdvisor Jennifer Pollock, Receptionist ERIKA SchijvGER, Counselfor International Law CorinNE /^CCAGNINI, Office Administrator ' I"*' (II) At the time the hearings were held, the Chairman and Co-Chairman had been appoinUid in the 104th Congress, other Commissioners have since been appointed or carry appointments fromthe 103d Congress. CONTENTS OPENING STATEMENTS Page Chairman ChristopherH. Smith 1 Hon. Benjamin L. Cardin 2 Hon. Curt Weldon 3 Hon. StenyH. Hoyer 9 WITNESS Dr. Hans Silajdzic, Prime MinisterofBosnia andHerzegovina 4 APPENDIX Prepared statementsof: Hon. ChristopherH. Smith, Chairman 25 Hon. Alfonse D'Amato, Co-Chairman 27 Hon. Steny H. Hoyer, Commissioner 33 Hon. EdwardJ. Markey, Commissioner 34 Dr. Haris Silajdzic, PrimeMinisterofBosnia andHerzegovina 35 (in) DEVELOPMENTS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA TUESDAY, JANUARY 31, 1995 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington, DC. The above-entitled matter came on for hearing, pursuant to no- tice, in room 2255 ofthe Raybum House Office Building, Washing- ton, DC, at 10:13 a.m., Christopher H. Smith (Chairman) presid- ing. Commissioners present: Christopher H. Smith, Chairman; Hon. Ben Cardin; Hon. Curt Weldon; Hon. Steny Hoyer; Hon. Frank Wolf; Hon. Edward Markey; and Hon. Bill Richardson. Also present: Dr. Haris Silajdzic, Prime Minister ofBosnia. OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN SMITH Chairman Smith. The hearing will come to order. Prime Minister Silajdzic, first of all, let me thank you for accept- ing our invitation to be here. We all look forward to your testi- mony. I will make a few opening remarks and then will introduce my colleagues for any opening remarks they may wish to make. Ladies and gentlemen, this is the third hearing of the Helsinki Commission that has convened to hear Dr. Haris Silajdzic, formerly the Foreign Minister, but now the Prime Minister of Bosnia. Mr. Prime Minister, again, I welcome you here. And yet, I grieve that the tragic situation in your country which could have been prevented, necessitates continued international at- tention. Again, we must review the continued relevancy of policy options that should have been taken by the international commu- nity long ago. It frustrates me, Mr. Prime Minister, and I can not begin to imagine how it must frustrate you. We must not, though, accept the unacceptable. That is exactly what the Serb militants want us to do, and we must not do that. It is clear that the people of Bosnia, despite their endurance of a third winter of war, are not prepared to abandon the defense of their homes, their families, and their country. Indeed, Bosnia seems motivated to defend international principles, even if they must do so almost completely alone. In contrast, much to mv dismay, the international community has been beaten back by the Serb militants in what has become a game of bluff. The Serb militants clearly escalate the violence be- cause they know that we are unwilling to escalate in response. Our threats against them lack any credibility. Officials directing the United Nations and NATO efforts have failed not only to stop vi- cious Serb aggression, but also to enforce their own Security Coun- (1) cil resolutions. Instead, they have resorted to mutual recrimina- tion, twisted explanations, and even blaming the victims for their fate. Last summer, the so-called Contact Group, comprising of the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and (^rmany, offered the Bosnian Grovemment and the Serb militants a plan on a take-it-or-leave-it basis with a deadline for an unconditional an- swer, and warnings of repercussions for any side that might reject it. Sarajevo accepted it in time and without condition. The mili- tants effectivelv rejected it. As sanctions were then eased on Serbia in response, the deadline for Bosnian Serb acceptance was ex- tended indefinitely. Earlier this month, U.S. officials presented their plan as simplv a starting point for negotiations and met with the Bosnian Serb leaders in their stronghold of Pale. To my dismay, the Secretary of State concluded, "that the Bosnian crisis is about Bosnia, but the NATO alliance is far more enduring, far more important than the Bosnian crisis." Frankly, I was amazed and appalled. Let's keep in mind, ladies and gentlemen, that the Secretary's comments refers to what is, in fact, a well-documented genocide. These diplomatic gestures were made toward those who orchestrated it. Through all of the complexities of the Balkans that we must consider, one ge- neric fact remains. When you reward the aggressor, you get more aggression. It is as simple as that. The Helsinki Commission through the leadership ofthe previous cochairs of the Helsinki Commission, noted that calls for a nego- tiated settlement, however correct, are meaningless if accompanied by an artificial neutrality and not by severe repercussions for those who operate outside acceptable parameters and seek what they want through the use offorce. Collective partnerships, however de- sirable, will erode if partners allow one of their own to be carved into ethnic pieces. Enunciating international principles, however promising, is empty if countries abandon them for historical affin- ities and big power politics. Commemorations of the end of World War II a half-century ago, however appropriate, ring somewhat hollow when genocidal acts that stir memories of the Holocaust are allowed to occur. The world's commitment to human rights, however boldly expressed, is questioned when our collective consciences are unaffected by the horrors that continue to be reported from Bosnia-Herzegovina today. Mr. Prime Minister, the Helsinki Commission is dedicated not necessarily to the defense of your country, but to the promotion of the principles adopted in the Helsinki Final Act almost 20 years ago. In reality, however, these two different goals have come to mean the same thing. Let me assure you that in this new Con- gress, we will remain true to that goal. Again, I welcome you here and I do look forward to your presentation. I yield to my distinguished friend, Mr. Cardin, who is a Commis- sioner, for any opening comments that he would like to make. OPENING STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE CARDIN Mr. Cakdin. Mr. Prime Minister, it is indeed a pleasure to wel- come you here in Washington. I was in Sarajevo, as you know, in July and had the opportunity to visit with your government and to open the new U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo. I had a chance to see first nand, the physical devasta- tion that has been caused to your country, solely because you wish to continue a multiethnic community. Due to outside influences, that's been extremely difficult. I must tell you, I was very encour- aged by the determination of the Bosnian people, their optimism and their hope for a future. At that time, we all hoped that there would be a stronger inter- national response to the problems of Bosnia and that we would see measures taken by the international community to protect the independence of your country and promote the confederation and federations that were created in order to provide better relation- ships between the countries of that region. That has not happened. So, today we welcome you as a friend. We welcome your testi- mony so that we can get the most recent information as to what is happening in Bosnia and how this Commission can help you in restoring peace to your country and preserving the independence of Bosnia as a multiethnic society. Chairman SMITH. I yield to Mr. Weldon of Pennsylvania, a sub- committee chairman ofone ofthe National Security Committee. OPENING STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE WELDON Mr. Weldon. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Let me first of all, acknowledge and welcome you to this hearing and acknowledge the leadership of Mr. Smith on these issues. He is one who has the highest respect of Members of both parties on the issue ofhuman rignts and the issues ofthe atrocities that have occurred in your homeland. I am new to this Commission, but look forward to working with you. I'm not new to the problems and the concerns that your people have. For the past 2 years, I have worked with an American from Rhode Island by the name of John Jordan, who was a volunteer fire fighter, who went over to Sarajevo to assist your people in re- sponding to the human tragedies that are occurring every day. As a matter offact, a year ago, we hosted, at that time, the head ofthe Emergency Response Network in Sarajevo, a 31-year-old gen- tleman by the name of Kinan Slinic who came over to our country to speak at our national dinner. We arranged private meetings for him with Vice President Gore, with Representative Steny Hoyer, and also with Senator Joe Biden who, at that time, had just re- turned from your country. He made a very impassioned plea to this country through our dinner here in Washington where we honor our Emergency Re- sponse Network. He returned to Sarajevo and 2 weeks later, was assassinated with the bullet in the back of his head. It's a tragic statement that someone who has devoted his entire life to helping other people would be the victim of the atrocities in your country. We know that goes on every day. I hear regularly from John Jor- dan as he now leads the U.N. Command Operation in terms of emergency response services to all ofyour people. All I can tell you is, we want you to use the voice of this Commission to let us make sure that as American people and as world citizens, we're respond- ing as aggressively as possible to help end this outrage. Thank you. Chairman Smith. Mr. Prime Minister, it is a high privilege and honor to receive your testimony. Please proceed. TESTIMONY OF DR. HARIS SILAJDZIC, PRIME MINISTER OF BOSNIA Dr. SiLAJDZic. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to read my remarks, if possible. I think, sir, it won't take long. But before I do that, I would like to thank you for your nice words about my people, my country. Just to comment on what Mr. Weldon has just said, it is tragic that a man devoted to helping other people would be killed by peo- ple back in Sarajevo. That is Bosnia. Bosnia is a country that de- voted itself to helping other people, other countries. We always were, for hundreds of years, a country where a refugee could find safe haven, for hundreds of years. Now, all of a sudden, Europe does not need Bosnia anymore. So, the fate of that man, that shall be the fate of Bosnia. Bosnia is now being killed with a bullet in the back of its head by the international community. That's what we believe. I will now proceed to read my remarks ifyou will allow me? Chairman Smith. Please, do. Dr. SiLAJDZlc. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentleman. Mr. Chairman, I am honored to appear before your Commission today under your new leadership. My government is grateful for the strong, consistent support that we have received from the U.S. Congress since our country's independence. In particular, we are grateful to your Commission for its constant vigilance in striving to ensure that the brutal aggression and atrocities committed against Bosnia and its people are both known and punished. We are also grateful to the entire Congress for its numerous votes to terminate the invalid and illegal arms embargo against our country. We are grateful for the passage ofthe law that terminated U.S. enforcement of the embargo. We are grateful for the passage of the laws that would enable our army to receive millions of dol- lars for vital military assistance from the United States upon ter- n.ination ofthe embargo. And we are grateful to the Senators who, as one of their first acts in the new Congress, again sponsored leg- islation to end the embargo. The crisis caused by Serbian aggression in Bosnia and Herzegovina seems very complicated to many observers. However, its essence is not difficult to understand. On one side is Serbian fascism, which is just a new form of communist totalitarianism. It is an expansionist fascism spreading from Serbia's borders, which Belgrade has decided are too small, through the conquest of Bosnian and Croatian territory. On the other side is the legitimate Bosnian Grovernment and peo- ple defending the integrity oftheir country and seeking to preserve its democratic character. The fascist agenda of those who seek a Greater Serbia is to de- stroy Bosnia as an ethnically mixed community. But Bosnia never had any ethnically pure territories. No one could say this piece of land is Serbian. In order to create such ethnically pure territories.