UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff AArrkkaannssaass,, FFaayyeetttteevviillllee SScchhoollaarrWWoorrkkss@@UUAARRKK Graduate Theses and Dissertations 5-2013 DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff tthhee CCuullttuurraall AApppprreecciiaattiioonn ooff MMaarrttiiaall AArrttss SSccaallee John Roderick Malmo University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Sports Sciences Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons CCiittaattiioonn Malmo, J. R. (2013). Development of the Cultural Appreciation of Martial Arts Scale. Graduate Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/799 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTURAL APPRECIATION OF MARTIAL ARTS SCALE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTURAL APPRECIATION OF MARTIAL ARTS SCALE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Recreation and Sport Management By John R. Malmo John Brown University Bachelor of Science in Organizational Management, 2011 May 2013 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid social sciences instrument designed to measure the construct of Cultural Appreciation of Martial Arts. Data were collected from 114 adult martial arts participants. Study participants represented Taekwondo schools located in Arkansas and Filipino martial arts schools located in Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Development of the instrument involved the use of an expert panel, a Q-sort, test- retest reliability test, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha. The study resulted in a 20-item, 3-factor scale that measures Cultural Knowledge, Cultural Sensitivity, and Cultural Awareness and is named the Cultural Appreciation of Martial Arts Scale. Results indicate the scale is reliable and valid. Reliability for each of the three factors based on Cronbach's alpha were α = .962, .918, and .873 respectively. Initial validation of the instrument was established. However, further validation needs to occur. Future studies should be conducted with additional populations including other well- known martial arts styles from countries such as Japan and China. The construct of Cultural Appreciation of Martial Arts could also be studied for its potential relationships to other leisure constructs. Study and instrumentation for other activities or endeavors that are associated with a particular culture would be another avenue for further study. This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Thesis Director: ______________________________________ Dr. Merry Moiseichik Thesis Committee: ______________________________________ Dr. Stephen W. Dittmore ______________________________________ Dr. Stavros A. Kavouras ©2013 by John R. Malmo All Rights Reserved THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed ___________________________________________ John R. Malmo Refused ___________________________________________ John R. Malmo ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study and the successful completion of my Master of Education would not have been possible without the support of my beautiful wife, Rosemary. Her dedication has been unfaltering. She knows better than anyone else the sacrifices, hardships, and difficulties as well as the triumphant moments that were experienced throughout this process. She also understands that I am not finished with my educational quest and continues to support me as I venture on to obtain my Doctorate of Education. I would also like to acknowledge my three wonderful children, Samantha, Sarah, and John Michael. They have endured this whole journey, watching me strive to demonstrate how to succeed, often at the unfortunate expense of not being able to spend as much time with them as I, or they, would have liked. They have also been a source of encouragement and motivation as I work to achieve my goals. I am thankful for each of my committee members: Dr. Merry Moiseichik, Dr. Stephen W. Dittmore, and Dr. Stavros Kavouras. Each provided unique guidance and support during the course of completing this thesis. Without Dr. Moiseichik’s structured approach to completing tasks at set times, I am not sure I would have been so prepared and well read on the literature. I am also thankful for the time Dr. Moiseichik and I spent discussing a wide range of topics. Dr. Dittmore was a welcome source of information and direction; especially when completing the data analysis. Dr. Kavouras provided a needed outside perspective, and I appreciate his questions which helped me better evaluate and understand the subject matter and how to present that information. DEDICATION ‘By pen or by blade, it shall be done.’ This is the motto for the Secretary Generals of the International Philippine Martial Arts Federation, which I represent as a recognized Grand Master in the art of Kombatan Arnis Presas Style under the Founder, Grand Master Ernesto A. Presas. The motto is also an exemplary way to describe my quest to further my own understandings of the martial arts and my efforts to share all that has been shared with me. I dedicate this thesis to all of my teachers, both scholarly and within the martial arts, that have dedicated their lives to the pursuit of learning, teaching, and sharing. There are far too many men and women that have influenced me to list here, but I would name two men that have been the most inspiring, encouraging, and influential – GGM Ernesto A. Presas and Bapak (Uncle) Willem de Thouars. Their contributions to the arts will live on far after I am gone. Their contributions to me personally have helped shaped my life in ways for which I can never thank them enough. I also dedicate this thesis to all of my students and my brothers and sisters in the arts. Many of you are directly responsibility for helping me to achieve my goals. You know who you are. I will let you fight it out over who has been my biggest supporter. Salute!