Textile Science and Clothing Technology Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Editor Detox Fashion Waste Water Treatment Textile Science and Clothing Technology Series editor Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, SGS Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13111 Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Editor Detox Fashion Waste Water Treatment 123 Editor Subramanian SenthilkannanMuthu SGSHong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong ISSN 2197-9863 ISSN 2197-9871 (electronic) Textile Science andClothing Technology ISBN978-981-10-4779-4 ISBN978-981-10-4780-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4780-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017939907 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore This book is dedicated to: The lotus feet of my beloved Lord Pazhaniandavar My beloved late Father My beloved Mother My beloved Wife Karpagam and Daughters Anu and Karthika My beloved Brother Last but not least To everyone working in the global textile supply chain to make it TOXIC FREE & SUSTAINABLE Contents Sustainable Waste Water Treatment Technologies. .... .... ..... .... 1 P. Senthil Kumar and A. Saravanan Review of Utilization Plant-Based Coagulants as Alternatives to Textile Wastewater Treatment... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 27 Thabata Karoliny Formicoli Souza Freitas, Cibele Andrade Almeida, Daniele Domingos Manholer, Henrique Cesar Lopes Geraldino, Maísa Tatiane Ferreira de Souza and Juliana Carla Garcia New Textile Waste Management Through Collaborative Business Models for Sustainable Innovation.. .... .... .... ..... .... 81 Armaghan Chizaryfard, Yasaman Samie and Rudrajeet Pal vii Sustainable Waste Water Treatment Technologies P. Senthil Kumar and A. Saravanan Abstract Nowadays, the environmental problems associated with residual colour inindustrialeffluentshaveposedaseriousthreattomanyenvironmentalscientists. Theeffluentsfromtheindustrieshaveliberatedwidevarietyofpollutantswhichcan directly introduce into the natural water sources. The industrial sector usually consumesenormousamountofwaterformanufacturingthesportswear,fashionand luxury brands of clothes. In that, several hazardous chemicals were added for colouring and designing purposes which contains many organic and inorganic substances, ammonia, infectious microorganisms, detergents, heavy metals, pesti- cidesandhouseholdcleaningaids.Thesewaterpollutantsaretoxictofishandother aquatic lives and it is also harmful to humans. So, there is a need for removal of toxicpollutantsfromtheindustrialeffluents.Themethodsforcontrollingthewater pollution can be majorly classified into three steps: (i) Primary (screening, sedi- mentation, homogenization, neutralization, mechanical flocculation, chemical coagulation) (ii) Secondary (aerobic and anaerobic treatment, aerated lagoons, activated sludge process, trickling filtration, oxidation ditch and pond) and (iii)Tertiary(membranetechnologies,adsorption,oxidationtechnique,coagulation and flocculation, electrochemical processes, ion exchange method, crystallization, Evaporation). This chapter describes a critical review of the current literature available on various wastewater decolourization techniques being applied to remove the hazardous chemicals from industrial wastewater. (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Keywords Industrial effluent Hazardous chemicals Pollution Treatment Colour removal P.SenthilKumar(&)(cid:1)A.Saravanan DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SSNCollegeofEngineering,Chennai603110,India e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 1 S.S.Muthu(ed.),DetoxFashion,TextileScienceandClothingTechnology, DOI10.1007/978-981-10-4780-0_1 2 P.SenthilKumarandA.Saravanan 1 Introduction Water,airandnourishmentareamongaportionofthefundamentalcomponentsin life.Subsequently,naturalcontaminationsandtheshrinkageofvaluableitemshave influenced the lives of numerous (Mehta et al. 2015; Bhatnagar et al. 2011). The world comprises of a noteworthy bit (around 71%) of water however freshwater adds to just a minor portion of 2.5%. Be that as it may, more than 60 billion m3 a time of freshwater is expected to adapt to the yearly worldwide populace devel- opmentof80millionindividuals.Persistentpopulacedevelopment,expandingway of life, environmental change, industrialization, farming and urbanization are set- ting off the reduction in water asset around the world (Wu et al. 2013). The expulsion of suspended matter from water is one of the real objectives of water treatment. Lately there has been impressive enthusiasm for the improvement of utilization of regular coagulants which can be created from plants. Water, food and energy securities are emerging as increasingly important and vitalissuesforIndiaandtheworld.MostoftheriverbasinsinIndiaandelsewhere areclosingorclosedandexperiencingmoderatetoseverewatershortages,brought on by the simultaneous effects of agricultural growth, industrialization and urban- ization(Ihsanullahetal.2016).Currentandfuturefreshwaterdemandcouldbemet by enhancing water use efficiency and demand management. Thus, wastewater/low quality water is emerging as potential source for demand management after essential treatment. An estimated 38,354 million litres per day (MLD) sewage is generated in major cities of India, but the sewage treatment capacity is only of 11,786 MLD. Similarly, only 60% of industrial wastewater, mostly large scale industries, is treated. Performance of state owned sewage treatmentplants,fortreatingmunicipalwastewater,andcommoneffluenttreatment plants, for treating effluent from small scale industries, is also not complying with prescribed standards. AccordingtoWorldMapperProject(2007),990billionm3ofwaterutilizedfor domestic and industrial purpose worldwide each year and then this freshwater is transformed into wastewater. This wastewater mostly comprises of hazardous chemicalwhicharepersistentinnature.Theycangraduallyaccumulateinthefood chain, in turn, can cause long-term, irreversible damage to people like cancer, delayed nervous damage, malformation in urban children, mutagenic changes, neurologicaldisordersetc.(Quetal.2013).Andtheyalsohaveseriousimpactupon environment such as eutrophication or oxygen depletion in lakes and rivers. Therefore,manyEnvironmentallawswereenactedandtheirenforcementalsomade stricter. The textile manufacturing utilizes an assortment of chemicals, contingent upon theway ofthecrude material andfinalresult. Some ofthese chemicals are diverse compounds, cleansers, colours, acids, soft drinks what’s more, salts. Material fin- ishing sector utilizes a lot of water, basically as a result of colouring and cleaning/washing operations. Clearly the wastewater gushing created from these unitscontainsextensivemeasuresofdangeroustoxins(Pauletal.2012).Ontheoff SustainableWasteWaterTreatmentTechnologies 3 chance that these wastewaters are released into nature they will cause genuine and unsafe effect not just on underground and surface water bodies and land in the encompassing region additionally will adversely affect the sea-going biological framework. Due to utilization of colours and chemicals, effluents are dull in shading, which builds the turbidity of water body. The qualities of industrial effluents fluctuate and they basically rely upon the kind of material made furthermore, the chemicals utilized. The industrial wastew- ater gushing contains high measures of operators harming nature and human wellbeing and also it includes suspended and broke down solids, natural oxygen request(BOD),compoundoxygenrequest(COD),chemicals,containfollowmetals like Cr, As, Cu and Zn (Qu et al. 2013; Rao et al. 2006). Atwhateverpointgreatqualitywaterisrare,waterofmarginalqualityshouldbe considered for use in farming. In spite of the fact that there is no widespread meaning of ‘marginal quality’ water, for all functional purposes it can be charac- terized as water that has certain attributes which can possibly bring about issues when it isutilized for anexpected reason. For instance, brackish water ismarginal quality water for farming use due to its high broke up salt substance, and metropolitan wastewater is negligible quality water as a result of the related well- being perils. From the perspective of water system, utilization of “negligible” quality water requires more perplexing administration practices and more stringent observing techniques than when great quality water is utilized. Development of urbanpopulationsandexpandedscopeofdomesticwatersupplyandsewerageoffer ascent to more prominent amounts of metropolitan wastewater. With the current emphasis on ecological health and water contamination issues, there is an expandingattentiontotheneedtodiscardthesewastewaterssecurelyandgainfully. Industrial wastewater is principally included water (99.9%) together with gen- erallylittleconcentrationsofsuspendedanddissolvedorganicandinorganicsolids. Amongtheorganicsubstancesshowninsewagearestarches,lignin,fats,cleansers, manufactured cleansers, proteins and their disintegration items, and in addition different common and engineered natural chemicals from the process industries. Presence of sulfur, naphthol, vat colours, nitrates, acidic corrosive, cleansers, chromium mixes furthermore, substantial metals like copper, arsenic, lead, cad- mium, mercury, nickel, andcobalt andcertainassistant chemicals all onthe whole makethegushingprofoundlyharmful.Otherharmfulchemicalsexhibitinthewater might be formaldehyde based colour settling operators, hydro carbon based con- ditioners and non bio degradable colouring chemicals. The process gushing is likewiseregularlyofahightemperatureandpH,bothofwhicharetoagreatdegree harming. Scouring, dyeing, printing and finishing are processes generating the majority of industrial wastewater (many rinsing sequences after each step). Significantvariationofecologicalparametersofindustrialwastewatereffluentswas shown in Table 1. Be that as it may, auxiliary chemicals and unintended debasement items may likewise be available in the materials and cause harmful impacts on human health andtheearth,yetthesesortsofsubstancesarenotsecuredbyscreeningconcentrate because of the restrictions.