1 2 3 4 Design of Highway Bridges 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [First Page] 13 14 [-1], (1) 15 16 17 Lines: 0 to 8 18 ——— 19 * 470.37599pt PgVar 20 ——— 21 Normal Page 22 * PgEnds: PageBreak 23 24 25 [-1], (1) 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, Second Edition. Richard M. Barker and Jay A. Puckett © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-69758-9 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page i / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker 1 2 3 4 Design of 5 6 7 Highway Bridges 8 9 10 11 An LRFD Approach, Second Edition 12 13 14 [-3], (3) 15 16 17 Lines: 9 to 50 18 ——— 19 Richard M. Barker * 118.18399pt PgVar 20 Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering ——— 21 Virginia Tech Normal Page 22 Blacksburg, Virginia * PgEnds: Eject 23 24 Jay A. Puckett 25 [-3], (3) 26 V. O. Smith Professor and Head of Civil and Architectural 27 Engineering 28 University of Wyoming 29 Laramie, Wyoming 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page iii / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker 1 2 This book is printed on acid-free paper.䡬⬁ 3 Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 4 5 Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey 6 Published simultaneously in Canada 7 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- 8 mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, record- 9 ing, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 10 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Pub- 11 lisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copy- right Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, 12 fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for 13 permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., [-4], (4) 14 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at 15 http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 16 Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used Lines: 50 to 122 17 their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties 18 with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specificaly ——— 19 disclam any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No -9.0pt PgVar 20 warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or writen sales materials. ——— The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You 21 Normal Page should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author 22 shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not * PgEnds: Eject 23 limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. 24 For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, 25 [-4], (4) please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762- 26 2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. 27 28 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears 29 in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. 30 31 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: 32 Barker, R. M. (Richard M.) 33 Design of highway bridges : an LRFD approach, / Richard M. Barker, Jay A. Puckett. 34 — 2nd ed. 35 p. cm. 36 Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-69758-9 (cloth) 37 ISBN-10: 0-471-69758-3 (cloth) 38 1. Bridges—United States—Design and construction. 2. Load factor design. I. 39 Puckett, Jay Alan. II. Title. 40 TG300.B38 2006 41 624.2'5—dc22 2006025097 42 Printed in the United States of America 43 44 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page iv / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 To our parents, our wives, and our children, who have shown 8 us the way, been our constant support, and are our future. 9 10 11 12 13 [-5], (5) 14 15 16 Lines: 122 to 129 17 18 ——— 19 * 428.972pt PgVar 20 ——— 21 Normal Page 22 * PgEnds: PageBreak 23 24 25 [-5], (5) 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page v / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contents 8 9 10 11 12 [First Page] 13 14 [-7], (1) 15 Preface xv 16 Preface to the First Edition xix 17 Lines: 0 to 78 18 1 Introduction to Bridge Engineering 1 ——— 19 1.1 A Bridge Is Key Element in a Transportation System 2 1.704pt PgVar 20 1.2 Bridge Engineering in the United States 2 ——— 21 1.2.1 Stone Arch Bridges 3 Normal Page 22 1.2.2 Wooden Bridges 4 PgEnds: TEX 23 1.2.3 Metal Truss Bridges 8 24 1.2.4 Suspension Bridges 10 25 [-7], (1) 26 1.2.5 Metal Arch Bridges 14 27 1.2.6 Reinforced Concrete Bridges 17 28 1.2.7 Girder Bridges 20 29 1.2.8 Closing Remarks 21 30 1.3 Bridge Specifications 21 31 1.4 Implication of Bridge Failures on Practice 24 32 1.4.1 Silver Bridge, Point Pleasant, West Virginia, 33 December 15, 1967 25 34 1.4.2 I-5 and I-210 Interchange, San Fernando, California, 35 February 9, 1971 26 36 1.4.3 Sunshine Skyway, Tampa Bay, Florida, May 9, 1980 29 37 1.4.4 Mianus River Bridge, Greenwich, Connecticut, June 28, 1983 30 38 1.4.5 Schoharie Creek Bridge, Amsterdam, New York, April 5, 1987 35 39 1.4.6 Cypress Viaduct, Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 37 40 1.5 Failures during Construction 39 41 1.6 Bridge Engineer—Planner, Architect, Designer, Constructor, 42 and Facility Manager 39 43 References 41 44 Problems 42 vii BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page vii / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker viii Contents 1 2 Aesthetics and Bridge Types 45 2 2.1 Introduction 45 3 2.2 Nature of the Structural Design Process 45 4 2.2.1 Description and Justification 46 5 2.2.2 Public and Personal Knowledge 48 6 2.2.3 Regulation 49 7 2.2.4 Design Process 49 8 2.3 Aesthetics in Bridge Design 51 9 2.3.1 Definition of Aesthetics 52 10 2.3.2 Qualities of Aesthetic Design 53 11 2.3.3 Practical Guidelines for Medium- and Short-Span Bridges 67 12 2.3.4 Computer Modeling 83 13 2.3.5 Web References 83 [-8], (2) 14 2.3.6 Closing Remarks on Aesthetics 87 15 2.4 Types of Bridges 87 16 17 2.4.1 Main Structure below the Deck Line 88 Lines: 78 to 168 18 2.4.2 Main Structure above the Deck Line 89 ——— 19 2.4.3 Main Structure Coincides with the Deck Line 94 -2.562pt PgV 20 2.4.4 Closing Remarks on Bridge Types 96 ——— 21 2.5 Selection of Bridge Type 96 Long Page 22 2.5.1 Factors to Be Considered 96 PgEnds: TEX 23 2.5.2 Bridge Types Used for Different Span Lengths 101 24 2.5.3 Closing Remarks on Selection of Bridge Types 108 25 References 109 [-8], (2) 26 Problems 111 27 28 3 General Design Considerations 113 29 3.1 Introduction 113 30 3.2 Development of Design Procedures 114 31 3.2.1 Allowable Stress Design 114 32 3.2.2 Variability of Loads 116 33 3.2.3 Shortcomings of Allowable Stress Design 117 34 3.2.4 Load and Resistance Factor Design 117 35 3.3 Design Limit States 118 36 3.3.1 General 118 37 3.3.2 Service Limit State 122 38 3.3.3 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 124 39 3.3.4 Strength Limit State 125 40 41 3.3.5 Extreme Event Limit State 126 42 3.4 Principles of Probabilistic Design 127 43 3.4.1 Frequency Distribution and Mean Value 128 44 3.4.2 Standard Deviation 129 3.4.3 Probability Density Functions 129 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page viii / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker Contents ix 1 3.4.4 Bias Factor 132 2 3.4.5 Coefficient of Variation 133 3 3.4.6 Probability of Failure 134 4 3.4.7 Safety Index β 136 5 3.5 Calibration of LRFD Code 141 6 3.5.1 Overview of the Calibration Process 141 7 3.5.2 Calibration Using Reliability Theory 142 8 3.5.3 Calibration by Fitting with ASD 152 9 3.6 Geometric Design Considerations 153 10 3.6.1 Roadway Widths 154 11 3.6.2 Vertical Clearances 156 12 3.6.3 Interchanges 156 13 3.7 Closing Remarks 157 [-9], (3) 14 References 158 15 Problems 159 16 Lines: 168 to 250 17 4 Loads 161 18 ——— 19 4.1 Introduction 161 2.884pt PgVar 20 4.2 Gravity Loads 162 ——— 21 4.2.1 Permanent Loads 162 Long Page 22 4.2.2 Transient Loads 164 PgEnds: TEX 23 4.3 Lateral Loads 189 24 4.3.1 Fluid Forces 189 25 4.3.2 Seismic Loads 189 [-9], (3) 26 4.3.3 Ice Forces 204 27 4.4 Forces due to Deformations 216 28 4.4.1 Temperature 216 29 4.4.2 Creep and Shrinkage 219 30 4.4.3 Settlement 220 31 4.5 Collision Loads 220 32 4.5.1 Vessel Collision 220 33 4.5.2 Rail Collision 220 34 4.5.3 Vehicle Collision 220 35 4.6 Summary 221 36 References 221 37 Problems 223 38 39 5 Influence Functions and Girder-Line Analysis 225 40 41 5.1 Introduction 225 42 5.2 Definition 226 43 5.3 Statically Determinate Beams 228 44 5.3.1 Concentrated Loads 229 5.3.2 Uniform Loads 233 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page ix / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker x Contents 1 5.4 Muller–Breslau Principle 235 2 5.4.1 Betti’s Theorem 235 3 5.4.2 Theory of Muller–Breslau Principle 236 4 5.4.3 Qualitative Influence Functions 240 5 5.5 Statically Indeterminate Beams 241 6 5.5.1 Integration of Influence Functions 248 7 5.5.2 Relationship between Influence Functions 250 8 5.5.3 Muller–Breslau Principle for End Moments 254 9 5.5.4 Automation by Matrix Structural Analysis 257 10 5.6 Normalized Influence Functions 259 11 5.7 AASHTO Vehicle Loads 259 12 5.8 Influence Surfaces 275 13 5.9 Summary 275 [-10], (4) 14 References 276 15 Problems 277 16 Lines: 250 to 33 17 6 System Analysis 283 18 ——— 6.1 Introduction 283 19 3.662pt PgV 6.2 Safety of Methods 288 20 ——— 21 6.2.1 Equilibrium for Safe Design 288 Normal Page 22 6.2.2 Stress Reversal and Residual Stress 291 PgEnds: TEX 23 6.2.3 Repetitive Overloads 295 24 6.2.4 Fatigue and Serviceability 302 25 6.3 Gravity Load Analysis 302 [-10], (4) 26 6.3.1 Slab–Girder Bridges 303 27 6.3.2 Slab Bridges 347 28 6.3.3 Slabs in Slab–Girder Bridges 354 29 6.3.4 Box-Girder Bridges 372 30 6.4 Effects of Temperature, Shrinkage, and Prestress 385 31 6.4.1 General 385 32 6.4.2 Prestressing 386 33 6.4.3 Temperature Effects 386 34 6.4.4 Shrinkage and Creep 395 35 6.5 Lateral Load Analysis 395 36 6.5.1 Wind Loads 395 37 38 6.5.2 Seismic Load Analysis 400 39 6.6 Summary 408 40 References 409 41 42 7 Concrete Bridges 411 43 7.1 Introduction 411 44 7.2 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Material Response 412 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page x / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker Contents xi 1 7.3 Constituents of Fresh Concrete 414 2 7.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 417 3 7.4.1 Short-Term Properties of Concrete 418 4 7.4.2 Long-Term Properties of Concrete 430 5 7.5 Properties of Steel Reinforcement 440 6 7.5.1 Nonprestressed Steel Reinforcement 441 7 7.5.2 Prestressing Steel 448 8 7.6 Limit States 449 9 7.6.1 Service Limit State 449 10 7.6.2 Fatigue Limit State 454 11 7.6.3 Strength Limit State 461 12 7.6.4 Extreme Event Limit State 463 13 7.7 Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members 463 [-11], (5) 14 7.7.1 Depth to Neutral Axis for Beams with Bonded Tendons 463 15 7.7.2 Depth to Neutral Axis for Beams with Unbonded Tendons 468 16 7.7.3 Nominal Flexural Strength 471 Lines: 330 to 412 17 18 7.7.4 Ductility and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement 476 ——— 19 7.7.5 Minimum Tensile Reinforcement 481 0.216pt PgVar 20 7.7.6 Loss of Prestress 482 ——— 21 7.8 Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members 504 Normal Page 22 7.8.1 Variable-Angle Truss Model 506 PgEnds: TEX 23 7.8.2 Modified Compression Field Theory 510 24 7.8.3 Shear Design Using Modified Compression Field Theory 523 25 7.9 Concrete Barrier Strength 534 [-11], (5) 26 7.9.1 Strength of Uniform Thickness Barrier Wall 535 27 7.9.2 Strength of Variable Thickness Barrier Wall 540 28 7.9.3 Crash Testing of Barriers 540 29 7.10 Example Problems 540 30 7.10.1 Concrete Deck Design 541 31 7.10.2 Solid Slab Bridge Design 579 32 7.10.3 T-Beam Bridge Design 597 33 7.10.4 Prestressed Girder Bridge 636 34 References 680 35 Problems 683 36 37 8 Steel Bridges 687 38 8.1 Introduction 687 39 8.2 Material Properties 688 40 41 8.2.1 Steelmaking Process: Traditional 688 42 8.2.2 Steelmaking Precess: Mini Mills 689 43 8.2.3 Steelmaking Process: Environmental Considerations 690 44 8.2.4 Production of Finished Products 691 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page xi / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker