DESIGN DIESEL-PHOTOVOLTAIC HYBRID POWER PLANT By AHMED IBN OMER AHMED AL-TAIEB INDEX NO. 084009 Supervisor DR. ALI OMER REPORT SUBMITTED TO University of Khartoum In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.Sc. (HONS) Electrical and Electronic Engineering (CONTROL ENGINEERING) Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering July 2013 1 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I declare that this report entitled “Design diesel-photovoltaic hybrid power plant” is my own work except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signature: _________________________ Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________________________ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I am grateful to THE ALMIGHTY GOD for establishing me to complete this project and for bestowing upon me the courage to face the complexities of life. I am grateful to my dad for giving me the life I ever dreamed. I can’t express my gratitude for my mom in words, whose unconditional love has been my greatest strength. The constant love and support of my sister and brother is sincerely acknowledged. I would have not finished this project without the support of my friends who has always been there for me whenever I need them, the encouragement they give to keep me going and their love to empower me that never fails all the time. Thank you. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. ALI OMER, for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research, confidence in me. His comments and questions were very beneficial in me completion of this project, He gave me a lot of positive perspective in life. He who taught me things far more of my understanding. I thank him for challenging me to do this project. To you sir, I give you lots of thanks and respect. Thank you. I place on record, my sincere gratitude to engineer NAHLA, I express my heartfelt gratefulness for her guide and support that I believe I learned from the best. I would like to thank my project partner MOHAMMED OMER ELMAJZOUB, who as a good friend was always willing to help and give his best suggestions. It would have been a lonely journey without him. To my friend OLA ABUBAKRE who helped me in researching on different fields concerning this project. Thank you. To all my collage class mates, thank you for your understanding and encouragement in my many, many moments of crisis your friendship makes my life a wonderful experience. I cannot list all the names here, but you are always on my mind. This thesis is only the beginning of my journey. 3 ABSTRACT Diesel generators are often used to secure the basic energy supply in countries where the public grids do not provide a reliable source of energy. Despite comparatively low investment costs for purchasing the machines, the operating costs for maintenance and fuel are rather high. The current development of the crude oil price on the global market, in particular, is leading to a drastic rise in costs. In addition, there is the logistical problem of transporting the diesel fuel, which has a strong influence on the overall costs, particularly if it has to be transported to remote areas. A photovoltaic hybrid system can be included as an additional source of energy to reduce the fuel consumption of diesel generators and hence their high operating costs. The favourable price trend of photovoltaic systems provides for a short amortization period. The actual challenge lies in technically conceiving and implementing the diesel/PV hybrid system without the use of energy storage systems, which are costly, and whose temperature sensitivity and limited life span are a limiting factor for the entire system. Also an economic evaluation takes place in the process of determining the best operation scenario. 4 صلختسملا الٛثِٛ اسذصِ اٙ١ف تِاعٌا ثاىبشٌا شفٛت لا ٟتٌا ْاذٍبٌا ٟف ت١ساسلأا تلاطٌا ثاداذِإ ٓ١ِأتٌ يز٠ذٌا ثاذٌِٛ َذختست اِ ابٌاغ سٛطتٌا .ّٓثٌا تظ٘اب ٗتٔا١ص ٚ ٍٗ١غشت ف١ٌاىت ْا لاا ثاذٌٌّٛا ِٓ عٌٕٛا ازٌٙ ءاشٔلاا ف١ٌاىت ضافخٔا ِٓ ُغشٌاب ,تلاطٌٍ .يز٠ذٌا ثاذٌِٛ ً١غشت ف١ٌاىت ٟف داح عافتسا ٌٝإ ٜدأ ،صٛصخٌا ٗجٚ ٍٝع ،ت١ٌّاعٌا قٛسٌا ٟف َاخٌا ظفٌٕا ساعسلأ ٌٟاحٌا ٍٗمٔ ُت ارإ تصاخٚ ،ت١ٌاّجلإا ف١ٌاىتٌا ٍٝع ٞٛل ش١ثأت اٙ٠ذٌ ٟتٌاٚ ،يز٠ذٌا دٛلٚ ًمٌٕ ت١تسجٌٛ تٍىشِ نإ٘ ،هٌر ٌٝإ تفاضلإابٚ .ت١ئأ كطإِ ٌٝإ اٙف١ٌاىت ٌٟاتٌابٚ ،يز٠ذٌا ثاذٌِٛ ِٓ دٛلٌٛا نلاٙتسا ِٓ ذحٌٍ تلاطٌٍ ٟفاضإ سذصّو ت١ئٛضاطٌٛفٌٍ ٓ١ج٘ َاظٔ ٓ١ّضت ٓىّ٠ .ةز١جٚ ثاشتف ٟف ت١ئٛضاطٌٛفٌا َاظٌٕ ت١ٌاعٌا ت١ئاشٔلاا تفٍىتٌا ذ٠ذست ٓىّ٠ ّٓثٌا تطسٛتِ ثاذعِ َاذختساب .ت١ٌاعٌا ت١ٍ١غشتٌا تفٍىتٌا ِٓ ٟ٘ ٟتٌاٚ ،تلاطٌا ٓ٠زخت ُظٔ َاذختسا ْٚد ٟئٛضاطٌٛف\يز٠د ٓ١ج٘ َاظٔ ز١فٕتٚ ُ١ّصت ٟف ّٓى٠ ٍٟعفٌا ٞذحتٌا .َاظٌٕا شّع ِٓ ًٍمت ٚ ت١ٌاعٌا ةساشحٌا ثاجسد ٖاجتا تساسح اٙٔا اّو ,ْاىّب .ذ٠ذجٌا ٓ١جٌٙا َاظٌٕا شبع ءابشٙىٌا ذ١ٌٛت ت١ٍّعٌ ٛ٠سإ١س ًضفأ ذ٠ذحت ت١ٍّع ٟف ُِٙ ٞداصتللاا ُ١١متٌا اض٠أ 5 LIST OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY…………………………..2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………….3 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….4 صلختسملا…………………………………………………………….5 LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………..11 LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………..15 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………..16 1.1 Overview……………………………………………………………...16 1.2 Problem statement…………………………………………………….16 1.3 Motivation……………………………………………………………..17 1.4 Objectives……………………………………………………………...17 1.5 Report layout…………………………………………………………..17 2 CHAPTER 2: THEORY………………………………….19 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………19 2.2 Photovoltaic…………………………………………………………....19 2.2.1 How solar cells work………………………………………………20 2.3 solar PV systems……………………………………………………….22 2.4 PV system components………………………………………………...22 2.4.1 PV modules………………………………………………………...22 6 2.4.2 Balance of system (BOS) components……………………………..26 2.5 Site location…………………………………………………………….26 2.5.1 Site analysis………………………………………………………...26 2.5.2 Why AL-FASHIR………………………………………………….27 2.6 Economics………………………………………………………………29 3 CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN…………………………31 3.1 What is the solar power plant……………………………………………31 3.2 Problem statement……………………………………………………….31 3.3 Guide lines of designing PV solar power plant………………………….32 3.4 Determine the number of solar panels used……………………………...32 3.5 Overview about the PV solar panels market……………………………..33 3.6 Recommended solar PV module to be used……………………………....34 3.7 Recommended panels arrangement for the PV solar system……………...35 3.7.1 Configurations details……………………………………………......35 3.7.2 PV panels connecting technique…………………………………......35 3.8 Electrical calculations……………………………………………………...35 3.8.1 Calculations according to the configurations…………………….......35 3.8.2 DC output power calculations……………………………………......36 3.9 Inverter details & specifications……………………………………….......36 3.10 System architecture and inter connections………………………………...37 3.11 The power plant area calculations…………………………………………40 7 3.12 The location………………………………………………………………..42 3.12.1 About the town………………………………………………………42 3.12.2 Coordination and geographical site………………………………….42 3.12.3 Detailed map for the site……………………………………………..43 3.12.4 Weather and climate informations about the targeted area…………..44 4 CHAPTER 4: FEASBILITY STUDY…………………….....46 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………...46 4.2 Classification of plant costs…………………………………………….......47 4.3 Power plant cost analysis……………………………………………….......47 4.3.1 Total production cost………………………………………………......47 4.3.2 Fixed charges………………………………………………………......49 4.4 Annual power plant production…………………………………………….50 4.5 Fundamental informations about the original diesel power plant………….50 4.5.1 Load curve of the original power plant working with D.G……………50 4.5.2 List of the D.G in the power plant and their corresponding capacities..52 4.5.3 The original diesel power plant fuel consumption per year…………...53 4.6 Solar PV power plant load curve…………………………………………...55 4.7 load curve using hybrid solar PV-diesel power plant…………………......56 4.8 The annual income behind the hybrid technique for the solar PV ………..57 4.8.1 The annual income from selling electricity……………………………57 4.8.2 Annual income from saving an amount of diesel. …………………....57 8 4.9 Project economic evaluation………………………………………………58 4.9.1 1st scenario……………………………………………………………..58 4.9.2 2nd scenario…………………………………………………………….60 4.9.3 3rd scenario…………………………………………………………….62 5 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………….66 5.1 Solar PV power plant design………………………………………………66 5.1.1 Number of solar panels used………………………………………….66 5.1.2 Recommended solar panel type……………………………………….66 5.1.3 Recommended panels arrangement……………………………………66 5.2 Electrical calculations results……………………………………………...67 5.2.1 Calculations according to the configurations………………………….67 5.2.2 DC output power………………………………………………………67 5.3 Inverter details and specifications……………………………………….....68 5.4 System architecture………………………………………………………...69 5.5 The power plant area……………………………………………………….70 5.6 Feasibility study results…………………………………………………….71 5.6.1 Capital cost of the solar power plant…………………………………..71 5.6.2 Fixed charges of the solar power plant………………………………...71 5.6.3 Annual power output for each system…………………………………71 5.6.4 Annual income for the solar power plant……………………………...71 5.6.5 Economic evaluation for several scenarios of operation……………....72 9 5.6.6 Expressing all scenarios in one chart……………………………………….73 5.7 Solar PV power plant design……………………………………………………74 5.8 Power plant output……………………………………………………………...75 5.9 Inverter………………………………………………………………………….76 5.10 The power plant area……………………………………………………………76 5.11 Feasibility study………………………………………………………………...77 6 CHAPTER6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMs. …….79 6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….79 6.2 Future recommendations………………………………………………………...82 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….86 APPENDIX A-1: DATA SHEET OF THE SOLAR PV MODULE….88 APPENDIX A-2: DATA SHEET OF THE INVERTER MODULE....89 APPENDIX B: ALFASHIR CITY CLIMATE AND TEMP. …….... .90 10